STRUCTURE OF THE NEWSROOM

STRUCTURE OF THE NEWS ROOM




NEWS ROOM

A newsroom is the central place where journalists—reporters, editors, and producers, along with other staffs—work to gather news to be published in a newspaperand/or an online newspaper or magazine, or broadcast on radio, television, or cable. Some journalism organizations refer to the newsroom as the city room



REPORTING SECTION

MAGAZINE SECTION

ADVERTISING DEPARTMENT

CIRCULATION DEPARTMENT

NEWS ROOM
One of the traditional mass communications is the presence of a large number of gatekeepers. This fact
is seen in gathering and reporting of news for conventional print and broadcast media.
Reporting is a team effort and quite a few members of the team serve as gatekeepers. Online reporting
in contrast may have only one or a few gatekeepers.
There are two main sources of news; staff reports and the wire services. Other less important sources
include feature syndicates as well as handouts and releases from various public and private sources.
The City Editor is the captain of the news reporting team. He or she assigns stories to the reporters and
supervises their work.
There are two types of reporters:
· Beat Reporters
Cover some topics on regular basis, such as crime beat or health beat.
·
General assignment reporters
Cover what ever assignment is given to them or come up

BASICALLY NEWS ROOM CONSIST OF TWO MAJOR PARTS 

NEWS DESK 

SOURCES 

1: THE CHIEF NEWS EDITORS DESK

An editor-in-chief can work for any type of publication, such as newspapers or magazines. They are in charge of creating editorial boards and overseeing all department editors. The editor-in-chief has the final say on what gets published and serves as the publication's representative at social functions.

A desk editor works in a print or broadcast journalism newsroom to gather news tips, assign stories to writers and reporters, and edit the final product before publication or broadcast. A desk editor position usually requires a four-year degree and job experience as a writer, reporter, or copy editor.

2: CITY NEWS DESK 

It deals with metropolitan news 

3:DISTRICT OR REGIONAL DESK

it deals with district news 

4: BUSINESS OR ECONOMICAL DESK

it deals with business affairs and economy related news

1: domestic economy 

2 : foreign indicators

5: INTERNATIONAL FOREIGN DESK

international news 

which may enhance the viewership

such stories which are interesting for pakistani officials and common people s interests on world affairs

6: REPORTING DESK

where reporting team of news agency reports 

7: CONFERENCE ROOM 

where planning and strategy of a whole day is discussed by officials and heads of news agency

8:EDITORIAL DESK

where the ediotorial of the news paper is discussed

9: COMMUNICATION DESK

phone intenet etc equipment is placed 

10: SOURCES

any thing or place from which something comes, arises, or is obtained; origin: Which foods are sourcesof calcium? the beginning or place of origin of a stream or river. a book, statement, person, etc., supplying information.

11: STAFF REPORTERS

where reporters are given assignment 

12: CORRESPONDENTS 

those reporters who are stationed on other cities

13: FOREIGN CORRESPONDENTS 

who are stationed on other countries

14: OFFICIAL PRESS RELEASE

statement issued by any govt or political party 

15: FOREIGN NEWSPAPER AND MAGAZINE

16: FOREIGN NEWS AGENCIES

17: MEDIA MONITORING

monitors other news channels

18: CYBER SOURCES

internet sources of news

19: twitter 

 

NEWS CHANNELS

CHINA
1: SHINVA BEIJING
1000 CORRESPONDENTS IN WORLD

JAPAN
KYODO NEWS SERVICES
GIGI PRESS

AAP AUSTRALIAN ASSOCIATED PRESS
AUSTRALIA
CABLE NEWS NETWORK CNN
AMERICAN TURNOR MEDIA GROUP NOW TIMES WARNER COMPNAY
CNN LIVE REPORTING WAS INTRODUCED IN 1984
IT WAS FIRST 24/7 NEWS CHANNEL
BBC
BRITISH BROADCASTING COMPANY
FOX NEWS
CBS COLUMBIA BROADCASTING SERVICE
ABC AMERICA BROADCASTING COMPANY
VK BBC FOUNDED IN 1947
SKY NEWS
IST INDEPENDENT TV CHANNEL
24 HOURS NEWS CHANNEL IN FRANCE
 DOECHETE  BERLIN  GERMNAY BASED CHANNEL
ALJAZIRA IS ARABIC CHANNEL BASED IN QATAR
ALARBIA : DUBAI BASED
PRESS TV : LONDON UK
GLOBAL SKY
RUSSIA TOADY MOSCOW BASED ENGLISH NEWS CHANNEL
TIMES NOW, INDIA TODAY,CBN,IBN ,STAR NEWS
ZEE NEWS,WION TV, DOORDARSHAN
INDIAN NEWS CHANNELS
PTV
PAKISTAN BASED NEWS CHANNEL   

TOP NEWS AGENCIES OF THE WORLD

TOP NEWS AGENCIES OF THE WORLD

1:AP
ASSOCIATE PRESS 

The Associated Press (AP) is a U.S.-based not-for-profit news agency headquartered in New York City. Founded in 1846, it operates as a cooperative, unincorporated association. The AP is owned by its contributing newspapers and radio and television stations in the United States, all of which contribute stories to the AP and use material written by its staff journalists.

Its Statement of News Values and Principles spells out its standards and practices.

2: United Press International (UPI) 

is an international news agency whose newswires, photo, news film, and audio services provided news material to thousands of newspapers, magazines, radio and television stations for most of the 20th century. At its peak, it had more than 6,000 media subscribers. Since the first of several sales and staff cutbacks in 1982, and the 1999 sale of its broadcast client list to its rival, the Associated Press, UPI has concentrated on smaller information-market niches.

3:The Canadian Press (CP; French: La Presse Canadienne [PC]) is a national news agency headquartered in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It was established in 1917

as a vehicle to permit Canadian newspapers of the day to exchange their news and information. For most of its history, The Canadian Press has been a private, not-for-profit cooperative, owned and operated by its member newspapers. In mid-2010, however, it announced plans to become a for-profit business owned by three media companies once certain conditions are met

4:Reuters is an international news agency headquartered in London, United Kingdom. It is a division of Thomson Reuters. Until 2008, the Reuters news agency formed part of an independent company, Reuters Group plc, which was also a provider of financial market data. Since the acquisition of Reuters Group by the Thomson Corporation in 2008, the Reuters news agency has been a part of Thomson Reuters, making up the media division. Reuters transmits news in English, French, German, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Russian, Urdu, Arabic, Japanese, Korean, and Chinese. It was established in 1851.

5: AFP AGENCY FRANCE PRESS
Agence France-Presse (AFP) is an international news agency headquartered in Paris, France. Founded in 1835 as Agence Havas, it is the world's oldest news agency, and is the third largest news agency in the modern world after the Associated Press (AP) and Reuters.

AFP has regional offices in Nicosia, Montevideo, Hong Kong, and Washington, D.C., and news bureaux in 150 countries. AFP transmits in French, English, Arabic, Portuguese, Spanish, and German.

6: DPA DEUTSCHE PRESS AGENCY 

Deutsche Presse-Agentur GmbH (DPA; German Press Agency) is a Germannews agency founded in 1949.^[1] Based in Hamburg, it has grown to be a major worldwide operation serving print media, radio, television, online, mobile phones, and national news agencies. News is available in German, English, Spanish, and Arabic.

The DPA is the largest press agency in Germany.Along with the main office in Hamburg, there is a central news office in Berlin. The DPA has offices in some 100 countries, including 12 regional German bureaus along with 50 additional offices in Germany.

7:SPA SAUDI PRESS AGENCY 

The agency was established in 1970 as the first national news agency in Saudi Arabia.The agency is also the first news agency in the Persian Gulf region The main goal of its establishment was to serve as a central body to collect and distribute local and international news in Saudi Arabia and abroad.

The SPA is under the responsibility of the ministry of culture and information and therefore, its president directly reports to the minister.The SAP provides the newspapers with a guideline, the editorial line, which should be followed in their reports.The Agency publishes news in both Arabic and English.^[4] The SPA has offices in Bonn, Cairo, London, Tunis and Washington, DC.

8: WAM 

Emirates News Agency, also known as WAM, is the official news agency of the United Arab Emirates.

Founded: November 1976, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

Headquarters: Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

Parent agency: UAE National Media Council

9:KUNA KUWAIT NEWS AGENCY 

Kuwait News Agency is an official state news wire service based in Kuwait.


Founded: 1956
Headquarters: Shuwaikh, Al Asimah;
Agency executives: - Mubarak Al Duaij Al Sabah, Chairman; - Ahmad Yusuf Behbehani, Deputy Chairman; Ahmad Husain GH. Dashti

10: MINA 

Montenegrin News Agency, or MINA, is a Montenegrin national news agency which was formed on March 11, 2002. It is based in the Montenegrin capital Podgorica. MINA's current executive director is Jaša Jovićević. It has services in Montenegrin, Albanian and English.

11: ANATOLIA AGENCY AA 

ANATOLIA AGENCY (A.A.). TURKEY'S OLDEST NEWS AGENCY. BASED IN ANQARA (Ankara). 

12: IRNA ISLAMIC REPUBLIC NEWS AGENCY 

The Islamic Republic News Agency (Persian: خبرگزاری جمهوری اسلامی‎), or IRNA, is the official news agency of the Islamic Republic of Iran. It is government-funded and controlled under the Iranian Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance. The agency also publishes the newspaper Iran. As of 2010, the Managing Director of IRNA is Mohammad Khodaddi. IRNA has 60 offices in Iran and 30 more in various countries around the world.

13:ITAAR TAS (INFORMATION TELEGRAPH AGENCY OF RUSSIA )

Russian News Agency TASS (Russian: Информационное агентство России ТАСС, tr. Informatsionnoye agentstvo Rossii TASS), abbr. TASS (Russian: ТАСС) is a major news agency in Russia, founded in 1902. TASS is the largest Russian news agency and one of the largest news agencies worldwide, along with Reuters, the Associated Press (AP) and Agence France-Presse (AFP).

TASS is registered as a Federal State Unitary Enterprise, owned by the Government of Russia.^[2] Headquartered in Moscow, TASS has 70 offices in Russia and in the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), as well as 68 bureaus around the world.

14:PTI PRESS TRUST  OF INDIA 

Press Trust of India (PTI) is the largest news agency in India.It is headquartered in New Delhi and is a nonprofit cooperative among more than 500 Indian newspapers and has more than 1,000 full-time employees, as of January 22, 2016. It employs over 400 journalists and 500 part-time correspondents located in most of the district headquarters in the country.A few correspondents are based in major capitals and important business centres around the world. It took over the operations of the Associated Press of India from Reuters after India's independence in 1947 It provides news coverage and information of the region in both English and Hindi. Its corporate office is located at Sansad Marg, New Delhi and registered office in D N Road, Mumbai.

15: UNI UNITED NEWS OF INDIA

United News of India (UNI) is a multilingual news agency in India. It was founded in December 1961 as an English news agency. Its commercial operations were started from 21 March 1961. With its Univarta, a Hindi news service, UNI became one of the multilingual news service in the world. In 1992, it started its Urdu news service and hence became the first news agency to provide Urdu news. Currently, it is one of the important news agencies in India, supplying news in English, Hindi, and Urdu languages. Its news bureaus are present in all state capitals and major cities of India.

16: ANI ASIAN 

Asian News International (ANI) is an Indian news agency based in New Delhi that provides multimedia news to 50 bureaus in India and most of South Asia. Coverage includes general news, entertainment, lifestyles, business, politics, science, sports and features.^[5] As of 2015 the chairman of the company was Prem Prakash.^[6] Sanjiv Prakash was the Editor and CEO of Asian News International.^[7]

Asian News International was the first news agency in India to syndicate video news.^[8] It provides video footage to a large number of Indian news channels and a few international news channels like BBC, CNN and NHK

17: APP( ASSOCIATED PRESS OF  PAKISTAN)

Associated Press of Pakistan (APP) is a government-operated national news agency of Pakistan. The name APP should not to be confused with Associated Press Service (APS) is a private independent Pakistani news agency and other the much larger Associated Press news agency (AP), based in New York, though it is a subscriber to both AP and Reuters, based in London. APP has News Exchange Agreements with 37 Foreign News Agencies and more than 500 correspondents.

18: PPI (PAKISTAN  PRESS INTERNATIONAL )

Pakistan Press International (PPi) is a news agency founded in June 1956 as Pakistan Press Association (PPA). The name was changed in 1968. It was first started by Mr. Muzzam Ali, the Chief Editor of Associated Press of Pakistan (APP). The agency objective was to provide competition to APP's monopoly. It began its service by hand, only in Karachi. PPA also built up a network of correspondents in the smaller cities and towns in Pakistan. This was in contrast to APP, which had coverage in a limited number of large cities. For foreign news the agency signed up with the Agence France-Presse (AFP) in 1957, and a year later became the first Asian partner of DPA. PPA also posted a correspondent in the Middle East, an area of special interest to Pakistani newspapers.

19: NEWS NETWORK INTERNATIONAL

NNI News or News Network International (NNI) is a private-operated national news agency of Pakistan. It is a Pakistan's most prominent news agency after Associated Press of Pakistan (APP) and competitor of INP, ANN, Online, INN, PPA and SABAH. It was established in 1992 and headquartered in G-7 zero point, Islamabad It have also offices in other major cities of Pakistan including Lahore, Karachi, Quetta and Peshawar. It have hundreds of reporters, Bureau chief all across the Pakistan and around the globe to cover national and international issues.It provide services in both languages Urdu and English. In 2013 NNI's photographer killed in a blast.

20: ANN ASIAN NEWS INTERNATIONAL

Asian News International (ANI) is an Indian news agency based in New Delhi that provides multimedia news to 50 bureaus in India and most of South Asia.
Owner‎: ‎ANI Media Private Limited
Headquarters‎: ‎New Delhi, India

21: ONLINE NEWS SERVICES 

22: INP  ( INDEPENDENT NEWS OF PAKISTAN )

INDEPENDENT News Pakistan is a registered News Agency in Pakistan, This wire service has correspondents all across Pakistan, who provide fresh and latest news to all major news channels, radio stations, magazines, websites and newspapers. You can find the contact details of INP News Pakistan including Address, phone numbers, website address and email address on this page.

Introduction to Global media

Introduction to Global media 

1: PRINT MEDIA
2:NEWS AGENCIES
3: CHANNELS /MEDIA HOUSES
4: MEDIA HOUSES

1: USA GLOBAL MEDIA LEADER
WASHINGTON POST IS ONE OF THE OLDEST NEWS PAPER

2:NEWYORK TIMES
2ND LEADING NEWSPAPER

3: THE WALL STREET JOURNAL
WALL STREET BUSINESS HUB
NEW YORK POST  AND WASHINGTON TIMES :COLUMBIA

4:USA TODAY IS NATIONAL NEWSPAPER
5: LAT
LOSS ANGELOS TIMES  FROM CALIFORNIA
6: SAN FRANCISCO CHRONICLE
7: CHICAGO TRIBUNE
OLDEST
8: BOSTON GLOBE
MANCHSESTER INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

9:MIANA HAREL FLORIDA

10: INTERNATIONAL HAREL TRIBUNE
EXTERNAL ADDITION OF NEWYORK TIMES

11: CHIRSTIAN SIGNS MONITOR
 NEWSPAPER BUT OF SIZE OF MAGZINE FRANCISCO

CANADA

1: TORONTO STAR
2: GLOBE AND MILE (TORONTO)

UNITED KINGDOM
UK IS STRONG DEMOCRACY AND STRONG MEDIA WITH FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION
1: BBC
BRITISH BROADCASTING COMPANY

1: THE TIMES OF LONDON
2: THE GUARDIAN
3: THE INDEPENDENT
4:THE TELEGRAPH
5: THE OBSERVER
6: THE FINANCIAL TIMES
7: THE SUN ( PAPARAZZI)
8: THE MIRROR

PARIS

1: LEE FIGARO
2: LEE MONBE
3: LIBRATION

GERMANY
1:DW
GERMAN BROADCASTING COMPANY

ARAB WORLD

1: THE ARAB NEWS
JADDAH

2: URDU NEWS : ARAB NEWS MEDIA GROUP

3: SAUDI GAZETTE UAE

4: THE RYADH DAILY

UAE
1: THE GULF NEWS \
DUBAI
2: KHALEEJ TIMES
ABU DHABI

3: THE NATIONAL

KUWAIT

1:THE ARAB TIMES

2: THE KUWAIT TIMES

KUWAIT CITY

QATAR
1:ALJAZIRA
2: GULF TIMES

SOUTH ASIA
1: DAILY DAWN
1942  NEW DELHI
2: DAILY PAKISTAN TIMES LAHORE
NOW CLOSED
IT WAS BASICALLY LAUNCHED TO COUNTER THE PROPAGANDA AGAINST MUSLIMS DURING BRITISH RULE

1:THE NEWS 1990
JUNG GROUP
2: THE NATION
DAILY TIME

3: EXPRESS TRIBUNE
2000

4:PAK OBSERVER

5:FRONTIER POST

6:DAWN KARACHI

7:BUSINESS RECORDER
8: AAJ TV

INDIA
1: THE HIND
DEHLI BASED NEWS PAPER INCLUDED IN TOP TEN NEWS PAPERS OF THE WORLD

2: THE HINDUSTAN TIMES

3: TIMES OF INDIA
OWNED
10 TV CHANNELS

4: THE INDIAN EXPRESS

5: ASIAN AGE

6: THE PIONEER PUNJAB

7: THE TRIBUNE

1: COMMUNICATION PROCESS AND ITS DIFFERENT FORMS

1: COMMUNICATION PROCESS AND ITS DIFFERENT FORMS

Communication Process

Definition: The Communication is a two-way process wherein the message in the form of ideas, thoughts, feelings, opinions is transmitted between two or more persons with the intent of creating a shared understanding.

Simply, an act of conveying intended information and understanding from one person to another is called as communication. The term communication is derived from the Latin word “Communis” which means to share. Effective communication is when the message conveyed by the sender is understood by the receiver in exactly the same way as it was intended.

Communication Process

The communication is a dynamic process that begins with the conceptualizing of ideas by the sender who then transmits the message through a channel to the receiver, who in turn gives the feedback in the form of some message or signal within the given time frame. Thus, there are Seven major elements of communication process:

1. Sender: The sender or the communicator is the person who initiates the conversation and has conceptualized the idea that he intends to convey it to others.
2. Encoding: The sender begins with the encoding process wherein he uses certain words or non-verbal methods such as symbols, signs, body gestures, etc. to translate the information into a message. The sender’s knowledge, skills, perception, background, competencies, etc. has a great impact on the success of the message.
3. Message: Once the encoding is finished, the sender gets the message that he intends to convey. The message can be written, oral, symbolic or non-verbal such as body gestures, silence, sighs, sounds, etc. or any other signal that triggers the response of a receiver.
4. Communication Channel: The Sender chooses the medium through which he wants to convey his message to the recipient. It must be selected carefully in order to make the message effective and correctly interpreted by the recipient. The choice of medium depends on the interpersonal relationships between the sender and the receiver and also on the urgency of the message being sent. Oral, virtual, written, sound, gesture, etc. are some of the commonly used communication mediums.
5. Receiver: The receiver is the person for whom the message is intended or targeted. He tries to comprehend it in the best possible manner such that the communication objective is attained. The degree to which the receiver decodes the message depends on his knowledge of the subject matter, experience, trust and relationship with the sender.
6. Decoding: Here, the receiver interprets the sender’s message and tries to understand it in the best possible manner. An effective communication occurs only if the receiver understands the message in exactly the same way as it was intended by the sender.
7. Feedback: The Feedback is the final step of the process that ensures the receiver has received the message and interpreted it correctly as it was intended by the sender. It increases the effectiveness of the communication as it permits the sender to know the efficacy of his message. The response of the receiver can be verbal or non-verbal

TYPES OF COMMUNICATION

1:INTRAPERSONAL

2:INTERPERSONAL

3:MASS COMMUNICATION 

The Defamation Ordinance 2002

The Defamation Ordinance 2002

Attacks on your reputation can be tried under the Defamation Ordinance 2002. The law primarily deals with defamation defined as: Any act or publication of a false statement made verbally or in written or visual form which injures the reputation of a person, tends to lower him in the estimation of others or tends to reduce him to ridicule, unjust criticism, dislike, contempt or hatred.

Slander and libel

There are two types of defamation: slander and libel. Any false verbal statement is called slander. On the other hand, any written, documentary or visual statement or representation made by ordinary or electronic means is termed libel.

The publication of defamatory matter is an actionable wrong. It requires no proof of physical or financial damage to the person. Defamation itself is considered damage.

Notice of action

Before starting defamation proceedings against someone, the complainant has to give a 14-day notice to the defendant, telling him of his intention to take legal action against him. This must be done within two months of the publication of the defamatory matter.

Trial

The district courts have the jurisdiction to try defamation cases under the ordinance. The courts have to decide a case within 90 days. An appeal against the final decision can be filed in the high court within 30 days of the lower court’s verdict. The high court has to decide the appeal within 60 days.

Punishment

If a court finds a person guilty of having defamed someone, it can order the guilty to tender an apology if it is acceptable to the complainant. This will have to be published in similar manner and with the same prominence as the defamatory statement. The court can also direct the person to pay reasonable compensatory damages (minimum of Rs5,000) in addition to any special damage that it deems fit.

Defence

In defamation cases, the following arguments can be used for defence. (1) A person can argue that he was not the author, editor, publisher or printer of the defamatory statement. (2) The matter commented on was fair, in the public interest and an expression of opinion and not an assertion of fact and was published in good faith. (3) The statement was based on truth and was made for the public good. (4) Assent was given for the publication by the complainant. (5) An offer to tender a proper apology and publish the same was made by the defendant that the complainant refused. (6) An offer to print or publish a contradiction or denial in the same manner and with the same prominence was made, but was refused by the complainant. (7) The statement complained of was a privileged communication, for example between a lawyer and his client.

Protection of absolute privilege

Certain statements cannot be tried under the Act because they have absolute privilege. This privilege is defined as any publication of statement made in the federal or provincial assemblies, as well as reports, papers, notes and proceedings ordered to be published by either the Parliament or by the provincial assemblies. Statements relating to judicial proceedings orders, or any report, note or matter written or published by or under the authority of the government have the protection of absolute privilege.

Protection of qualified privilege

The publication of parliamentary proceedings, or judicial proceedings which the public may attend and statements made to the proper authorities in order to procure the redress of public grievances also have the protection of qualified privilege against defamation

PRESS AND PUBLICATION ORDINANCE

·         In 1960, President Ayub Khan promulgated the Press and Publications Ordinance, 1960, covering 30 pages, which dealt with printing presses, newspapers, periodicals, books and other publications.

·        According to the ordinance, the government had been empowered to ask for security deposits from printing presses for publishing newspapers or books as well as for issuing objectionable material as defined by the ordinance.

·        Security deposits ranging from Rs500 to Rs10,000 could be demanded from printing presses. Appeals against such action would lie with a Special Bench of the High Court. The government had also been empowered to forfeit security deposits and, in certain cases, to prohibit the printing presses from publishing books or newspapers

·        Under the new rules, before obtaining a declaration, a publisher would have to show that he had the financial resources required for regularly publishing a newspaper.

·        Similarly, an editor was required to possess ‘reasonable educational qualifications’ or ‘adequate training or experience in journalism.’

·         A publisher proceeding abroad for more than three months was to name a person who was to take over his responsibility. The nominee was to give a written undertaking to that effect.

·        Foreign nationals were debarred from having any proprietary interest in any newspaper in Pakistan, except with the prior approval of the central government. ‘In any case, they would not be allowed to hold more than 25 per cent of the entire proprietary interests of any newspaper.’

·        The ordinance stated that after a security deposit had been demanded from a printing press, the deposit could be forfeited and even the printing establishment could be asked to stop publishing any book or newspaper if the matter contained therein tended to: ‘(a) contain reports of crimes of violence or sex, produced in a manner which was likely to excite unhealthy curiosity or urge imitation or which might incite interference in the administration of law or with the maintenance of law and order or which might encourage non-payment of taxes, including land revenue; (b) incite or encourage the commission of an offence of murder or any offence involving violence or amounted to an abetment of the same; (c) directly or indirectly condemn the creation of Pakistan or advocate the curtailment or the abolition of the sovereignty of Pakistan in respect of all or any of its territories; (d) bring into hatred or contempt the government established by law in Pak stan or any class or section of the citizens of Pakistan; and (e) create feelings of enmity between the people of the two wings of Pakistan.’

·        The relevant section of the ordinance also covered writings classed as indecent, obscene, scurrilous, defamatory or intended for blackmail and rumour-mongering, or information calculated to cause public alarm, frustration or despondency without reasonable grounds to believe the information to be correct.

·        Any writing which opposed recruitment to the armed forces or the police forces or which might undermine their discipline and administration would also render the publication liable to action under this section. Protection under the same section had also been given to the heads of princely states which had acceded to Pakistan.

·        The ordinance conferred powers on the government to seizeor destroy unauthorised published news-sheets and to detain their packages and prohibit the transmission of packages by post.

·        Contravention of the provisions of the Press and Publications Ordinance would be punishable with fine not exceeding Rs2,000 and simple imprisonment not exceeding six months.

·         During Ayub’s martial law, the Press and Publications Ordinance, 1960 seemed adequate enough to emasculate the press. But after lifting martial law, Ayub was faced with the challenge of mobilising ‘political support’ for his regime and needed a totally subdued press. Hence, the scope of press freedom was further curtailed.

·        This was done through the provincial ordinances known as the Press and Publications (West Pakistan Amendment) Ordinance, 1963, and the Press and Publications (East Pakistan Second Amendment) Ordinance, 1963.

Before the promulgation of the two ordinances, some quarters were debating the pros and cons of nationalising or shutting down the entire press. Instead, it was suggested to bring out two dailies each from metropolitan cities of East and West Pakistan, and an English, Bengali 

short terms for quiz for IMC

1: MASS COMMUNICATION

Mass communication is the study of how people exchange their information through mass media to large segments of the population at the same time with an amazing speed. In other words, mass communication refers to the imparting and exchanging of information on a large scale to a wide range of people. It is usually understood for relating newspaper, magazine, and book publishing, as well as radio, television and film, even via internet as these mediums are used for disseminating information, news and advertising.

OR

What is Mass Communication?
Mass communication is the process of transmitting messages to a large number of scattered audiences.
Through mass communication, information can be transmitted quickly to a large number of people who generally stay far away from the sources of information. Mass communication is being done through many mediums, such as radio, television, social networking, billboards, and newspapers.

Mass Communication: Definition

Mass communication is a process in which a person, group of people, or an organization sends a message through a channel of communication to a large group of anonymous and heterogeneous people and organizations. You can think of a large group of anonymous and heterogeneous people as either the general public or a segment of the general public. Channels of communication include broadcast television, radio, social media, and print. The sender of the message is usually a professional communicator that often represents an organization. Mass communication is an expensive process. Unlike interpersonal communication, feedback for mass communication is usually slow and indirect.
Examples

The following are some types of mass communication:
Advertising, which consists of communications attempting to induce purchasing behavior
Journalism, such as news
Public relations, which is communication intended to influence public opinion on a product or organization
Politics (for example, campaigning)

Surveillance. The first function of mass communication is to serve as the eyes and ears for those seeking information about the world. The internet, televisions, and newspapers are the main sources for finding out what’s going around you. Society relies on mass communication for news and information about our daily lives, it reports the weather, current issues, the latest celebrity gossip and even start times for games. Do you remember the Boston Marathon Bombing that happened in 2013? How did you hear about it? Thanks to the internet and smart phones instant access to information is at the users fingertips. News apps have made mass communication surveillance instantly accessible by sending notifications to smartphones with the latest news

THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF SURVEILLANCE 

1: BEWARE SURVEILLANCE

which informs us about impending dangers due to natural or man-made threats .it consist of those news stories which are written to forewarn the people so that they can take protective measures to avoid the possible losses

2: INSTRUMENTAL SURVEILLANCE

 has to do with the transmission of information that is useful and helpful in everyday life

Interpretation 

They select the important news and issues for the attention of the people and not only provide information of the events but they also provide information on the ultimate meaning and significance of these events.

This prevents the over stimulation and over modification of the population. For example, the editorial pages of newspapers and magazines interpret the event, comment or opine on it so that the reader gains an added perspective on the event.

This function of the mass communication helps the individual to know the viewpoints of various people, which help him to evaluate an issue. A wide range of expertise is available to the individual to which he or she might not have an access through interpersonal communication.

The dysfunction of the interpretation and prescription by mass media can be that people may not get the depth and true picture of the event or issue and may not contribute to the development of an individual's critical faculties.

The dysfunction of the interpretation and prescription by mass media can be that people may not get the depth and true picture of the event or issue and may not contribute to the development of an individual's critical faculties.

Lineage:

The mass media are able to link together different elements of society that are not directly connected by interpersonal channel.

For example, newspapers generate opinion; develop feeling for whatever happenings are reported. Advertising through mass media links together the needs of buyers with the products of sellers.

LINKAGE

the mass media are able to connect different elements of society .this is called the linkage function. the best example of linkage is  olx , ecommerce outlet etc

Entertainment. 

Media outlets such as People Magazine, TMZ, and entertainment blogs such as Perez Hilton keep us up to date on the daily comings and goings of our favorite celebrities. We use technology to watch sports, go to the movies, play video games, watch YouTube videos, and listen to iPods on a daily basis. Most mass communication simultaneously entertains and informs. People often turn to media during our leisure time to provide an escape from boredom and relief from the predictability of our everyday lives. We rely on media to take us places we could not afford to go or imagine, acquaints us with bits of culture, and make us laugh, think or cry. Entertainment can have the secondary effect of providing companionship and/or catharsis through the media we consume.

BARRIERS IN COMMUNICATION

It breaks down the reasons why there's obstruction in communication in the workplace, examples of each barrier, and to overcome them.

• Physical Barriers. ...
• Perceptual Barriers. ...
• Emotional Barriers. ...
• Cultural Barriers. ...
• Language Barriers. ...
• Gender Barriers. ...
• Interpersonal Barriers. ...
• Removing Communication Barriers.

Four Types of Communication

Communication comes in four basic types. Below, we will look at the different types in depth.Verbal Communication This mode of communication relies on words to convey a message. This is the standard method of communicating that most of us use on a day-to-day basis, though we rarely use it without augmenting it with one of the other communication types. Other cues people use while communicating verbally include, tone, gestures, and body language. Verbal communication helps in expressing thoughts, emotions and sentiments. A phone conversation, chat with a friend, an announcement made, or a speech delivered are all verbal forms of communication. For most of us, it comes with ease. As children, we learned verbal communication through the sounds around us. We soon develop and start understanding the language which helps us to communicate verbally as we grow older. Verbal communication is further divided into four subcategories:


Intrapersonal Communication This form of communication is extremely private and restricted to ourselves. It includes the silent conversations we have with ourselves, wherein we juggle roles between the sender and receiver who are processing our thoughts and actions. This process of communication when analyzed can either be conveyed verbally to someone or stay confined as thoughts.


Interpersonal Communication This form of communication takes place between two individuals and is thus a one-on-one conversation. Here, the two individuals involved will swap their roles of sender and receiver in order to communicate in a clearer manner.


Small Group Communication This type of communication can take place only when there are more than two people involved. Here the number of people will be small enough to allow each participant to interact and converse with the rest. Press conferences, board meetings, and team meetings are examples of group communication. Unless a specific issue is being discussed, small group discussions can become chaotic and difficult to interpret by everybody. This lag in understanding information completely can result in miscommunication.


Public Communication This type of communication takes place when one individual addresses a large gathering of people. Election campaigns and public speeches are example of this type of communication. In such cases, there is usually a single sender of information and several receivers who are being addressed.
Communication Barriers

There are many reasons why interpersonal communications may fail. In many communications, the message may not be received exactly the way the sender intended and hence it is important that the communicator seeks feedback to check that their message is clearly understood. The skills of Active Listening, Clarification and Reflection, which we will discuss shortly, may help but the skilled communicator also needs to be aware of the barriers to effective communication. There exist many barriers to communication and these may occur at any stage in the communication process. Barriers may lead to your message becoming distorted and you therefore risk wasting both time and/or money by causing confusion and misunderstanding. Effective communication involves overcoming these barriers and conveying a clear and concise message.

Some common barriers to effective communication include:
The use of jargon. Over-complicated or unfamiliar terms.
Emotional barriers and taboos.
Lack of attention, interest, distractions, or irrelevance to the receiver.
Differences in perception and viewpoint.
Physical disabilities such as hearing problems or speech difficulties.
Physical barriers to non-verbal communication.
Language differences and the difficulty in understanding unfamiliar accents.
Expectations and prejudices which may lead to false assumptions or stereotyping. People often hear what they expect to hear rather than what is actually said and jump to incorrect conclusions.
Cultural differences. The norms of social interaction vary greatly in different cultures, as do the way in which emotions are expressed. For example, the concept of personal space varies between cultures and between different social settings.
A skilled communicator must be aware of these barriers and try to reduce their impact by continually checking understanding and by offering appropriate feedback. 

Barriers to Communication by Category
Language Barriers Clearly, language and linguistic ability may act as a barrier to communication. However, even when communicating in the same language, the terminology used in a message may act as a barrier if it is not fully understood by the receiver(s). For example, a message that includes a lot of specialist jargon and abbreviations will not be understood by a receiver who is not familiar with the terminology used. As nurses, we are especially prone to making this mistake. We must remember to use language that can be understood by the receiver.


Psychological Barriers The psychological state of the receiver will influence how the message is received. For example, if someone has personal worries and is stressed, they may be preoccupied by personal concerns and not as receptive to the message as if they were not stressed. Stress management is an important personal skill that affects our interpersonal relationships. Anger is another example of a psychological barrier to communication. When we are angry it is easy to say things that we may later regret and also to misinterpret what others are saying. More generally, people with low self-esteem may be less assertive and therefore may not feel comfortable communicating - they may feel shy about saying how they really feel, or read negative sub-texts into messages they hear.


Physiological Barriers Physiological barriers may result from the receiver’s physical state. For example, a receiver with reduced hearing may not grasp the entirety of a spoken conversation, especially if there is significant background noise.


Physical Barriers An example of a physical barrier to communication is geographic distance between the sender and receiver(s). Communication is generally easier over shorter distances as more communication channels are available and less technology is required. Although modern technology often serves to reduce the impact of physical barriers, the advantages and disadvantages of each communication channel should be understood so that an appropriate channel can be used to overcome the physical barriers.


Attitudinal Barriers Attitudinal barriers are behaviors or perceptions that prevent people from communicating effectively. Attitudinal barriers to communication may result from personality conflicts, poor management, resistance to change, or a lack of motivation. Effective receivers of messages should attempt to overcome their own attitudinal barriers to facilitate effective communication.

STATUS CONFERRAL

media awards status to even common people by highlighting any person 's good or bad side.
“Status conferral” is the notion that press coverage singles out and confers importance upon the person or group covered. If status conferral occurs, it has serious implications for traditional conceptions of how the press should function in a democracy. In two experiments, the author reported evidence supporting the existence of a status conferral effect. Status conferral was tested indirectly by varying the prestige of the news agency providing the coverage and observing differences in the perceived status of persons covered.

VALIDATION 

1. the action of checking or proving the validity or accuracy of something.
2. BARRIERS OF COMMUNICATION
3. 1: ETHICISATION 
4. 2:NARCOTIZATION 
5. 3: MISINFORMATION /DISINFORMATION
6. 4: INFORMATION OVERLOAD
7. 5: SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES 
8. 
   

BARRIERS IN COMMUNICATION

1: PHYSICAL BARRIERS 

ATTITUDE 

2: LANGUAGE 

3:LACK OF COMMON EXPERIENCES 

4: AMBIGUITY 

5: CULTURAL NOISE 

6: INFORMATION OVERLOAD

7: JUMPING TO THE CONCLUSION 

HOW TO OVERCOME BARRIERS 

1: DEMOGRAPHICS

2:KNOW YOUR AUDIENCES WELL

3: MESSAGE 

4: PRESENTATION SHOULD BE GOOD CHOOSING THE RIGHT MEDIUM

5: KEEPING IN VIEW OF CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MASSES

6: MAKE USE OF VISUAL AIDS

7: FEEDBACK 

MODELS IN COMMUNICATION 

1: ARISTOTLE 

INVENTION => ARRANGEMENT=> STYLE=> DELIVERY =>MEMORY 

2: LASWELL 'S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION 

WHO(COMMUNICATOR )

=>SAYS WHAT ( MESSAGE )

=> IN WHICH CHANNEL (MEDIUM)

 => TO WHOM (RECEIVER)

=>WITH WHAT EFFECT (EFFECT OR IMPACT)

1. 
   
2. 3: WEAVER AND SHANON MODELS 

INFO SOURCE (MSG) => TRANSMITTER (SIGNALS)

=>RECEIVER (MSG) => DESTINATION 

The main components of communication process are as follows:


Context - Communication is affected by the context in which it takes place. This context may be physical, social, chronological or cultural. Every communication proceeds with context. The sender chooses the message to communicate within a context.




Sender / Encoder - Sender / Encoder is a person who sends the message. A sender makes use of symbols (words or graphic or visual aids) to convey the message and produce the required response. For instance - a training manager conducting training for new batch of employees. Sender may be an individual or a group or an organization. The views, background, approach, skills, competencies, and knowledge of the sender have a great impact on the message. The verbal and non verbal symbols chosen are essential in ascertaining interpretation of the message by the recipient in the same terms as intended by the sender.




Message - Message is a key idea that the sender wants to communicate. It is a sign that elicits the response of recipient. Communication process begins with deciding about the message to be conveyed. It must be ensured that the main objective of the message is clear.




Medium - Medium is a means used to exchange / transmit the message. The sender must choose an appropriate medium for transmitting the message else the message might not be conveyed to the desired recipients. The choice of appropriate medium of communication is essential for making the message effective and correctly interpreted by the recipient. This choice of communication medium varies depending upon the features of communication. For instance - Written medium is chosen when a message has to be conveyed to a small group of people, while an oral medium is chosen when spontaneous feedback is required from the recipient as misunderstandings are cleared then and there.




Recipient / Decoder - Recipient / Decoder is a person for whom the message is intended / aimed / targeted. The degree to which the decoder understands the message is dependent upon various factors such as knowledge of recipient, their responsiveness to the message, and the reliance of encoder on decoder.




Feedback - Feedback is the main component of communication process as it permits the sender to analyze the efficacy of the message. It helps the sender in confirming the correct interpretation of message by the decoder. Feedback may be verbal (through words) or non-verbal (in form of smiles, sighs, etc.). It may take written form also in form of memos, reports, etc.

Gatekeeping is the process through which information is filtered for dissemination, whether for publication, broadcasting, the Internet, or some other mode of communication.