PROGRAM PRODUCTION

CURRENT AFFAIRS

TEAM OF CURRENT AFFAIRS

1:ANCHOR

2:PRODUCER

3:ASSOCIATE PRODUCER

4:RESEARCHER

5:COORDINATOR




THOSE WHO WORK IN SHIFTS

CAMERA TEAM

MCR/PCR

NLE

TECHNICAL(NEWS DEPARTMENT)

AUDIO/VISUAL OPERATORS

MAKE UP ARTISTS




ASSOCIATE PRODUCERS OPERATES PANNEL

COORDINATOR (CONTROLS PHONE)

PRODUCER WILL SELECT THE TOPIC FOR THE PROGRAM

HE WILL ASK PERSMISSIONS BY REQUISITION FORM FOR OCCUPYING THE STUDIO ETC

THINGS TO DO

1:STUDIO REQUEST

2:TECHNICAL (EQUIPMENT CHECK)

3:ALLOCATION OF RESOURCES AND BUDGET

4:CHECK LIST







Pre-production planning
Research your topic (newspaper and/or magazine articles, internet, other resources)Develop a list of interview questions for primary and secondary sources (5W + H)Make appointments to conduct your interview.
Post-Production Steps
Tell your story aurally (for the ears)Transcribe your interviews OR log interview comments within-cues and out-cues.Yes, this means you must write or type what your source has said. This is a really reliable way to assure that you get the best sound bites possible.Play your video and close your eyes. Listen to the interviews for good sound bites.
Edit interviewsUse the best seconds of the interview. Or use multiple second sound bites of the interview if there is more than one useful bite.
Write, record and edit bridges (your voice-over that connects the interviews together)Write, record and edit your stand-ups
Tell your story visuallyWatch your package from beginning to end.If there are edits that need to be covered (jump cuts,) use transitions or cover with b-roll.If someone says something with a lot of emotion, leave their headshot in and do not cover with b-roll.



1. STUDIO PROGRAMMES: Studio Programmes are also categorized into two main format:-
a. Discussion / Talk Shows: These are basically studio programmes, although sometimes keeping in view the nature of assignment, these can also be recorded out-door. In the discussion / talks programmes, one or more than one participant takes part. If more than one participant are involved, then one of them is called compare or moderator. In the discussion programmes several opinions, whether in favour or dis-agreement can be aired. It may range from original conversations to serious arguments, but is should also stimulate interest. In the discussion programmes one can get more balanced coverage of a topic than in a single talk of interview.
Examples: Capital Talk (Geo Tv), Aaj Kal (Express)
b. Interview: In current affairs programmes the interviews are usually conducted with three types of interviewee.
- The expert
- The celebrity
- The man in the street
Main objective of current affairs interview should be to obtain information from the interviewee in the shortest possible time in the clearest way. There are different types of current affairs interviews, but essentially, they can be divided into three basic categories:
- The information interview, which seeks to bring out facts
- The opinion interview, which gathers views and comments.
- The personality interview, which portrays a great man or woman
c. Documentary: It is a travel picture. In this type a voice over throughout the documentary is exist. The sound of the human voice, or music included in this.
Example: Battle of Oil (Telecasted on Geo TV), Footstep of Bin Laden, Construction of Masjid Nabvi , SA etc
d. News Commentary: This is detailed information about one particular item (news) of general interest. Personal view point of writer is also included.
2. FIELD PRODUCTION: Out-door broadcasting van is called mobile television control room or a Mini Studio or Outside Broadcast (OB) Van. This van is used for live recording or telecast from the place where the event is happening. For example a live coverage from the football ground where the match is being played can be called. O>B. Recording. The O.B. Van can also be used at the airport for live coverage of VVIP’s arrival and departure.
O.B Van is directly linked with the television transmitter through control room where the signal is being recorded for onward direct transmission to the public network. Any activity which is covered right from the venue of the event is known as “Live Telecast”. Live telecast coverage is done through OB Van from the place where the event is taking place.
3. SPORTS COVERAGE: In the Current Affairs Programmes, basically three types of sports coverage are done.
- Live Coverage of the Sports Events
- Recorded Programme
- Informative Programme

Live Coverage of the Sports Events: These events are covered on OB Vans especially the major games like Cricket, Hockey, Football, Snooker and Table Tennis. These matches are covered live.
Recorded Programmes: Some sports events are reported after recording. Tape delay programmes. Usually this is because of non availability of funds and non accessible and difficult routes where communication is not possible for linkage.
Informative Programmes: Informative programmes relating to sports also come under current affairs coverage which are, Sports Documentary, Interviews with Sports personalities and Quiz programmes on sports.

LEARNING CONTEXT: TELEVISION AND JOURNALISM

You will need:

• to work as a class and in a small group
• you have 6 to 8 weeks to complete the task
• video and audio recording equipment, microphones, editing facilities, script formats.

For best results try following these steps:

1. Pre-production
Note: Outcome 1 is relevant to this section.

(a) brainstorm or survey audience preferences, expectations and values to decide on:

• news story topics
• interviewee and interview questions
• approach, structure, point of view

(b) explore:

• recording technologies and techniques, eg. microphone type and position, recording levels, framing
• Television news styles and conventions, eg. camera angles, inserts, voice over narration, music.

(c) Communicate and present your ideas

• Draw up plans that include a timeline and specific responsibilities.
• Outline interview questions and a structure for the news reports.
• Create a script or storyboard showing details of footage to be used, introduction and links.
• Show how particular choices you have made relate to your audience's values and expectations.

2. Production
Note: Outcome 2 & 4 is relevant to this section.

(a) Apply skills, processes and technologies to film or record the interview and the documentary:

• develop and apply skills you explored in pre-production.
• follow processes and apply technologies according to plans, but making modifications as required.

(b) Select and use codes and conventions that strengthen your point of view.

(c) Carry out production roles and responsibilities as allocated.

(d) Work within given controls and constraints, eg. school policy, technologies, production processes, time, ethics, audience values and expectations (outcome 4).

3. Post-production
Note: Outcome 2 is relevant to this section.

(a) Apply editing skills, processes and technologies, eg.

• edit audio and/or video sequences.
• mix interviews, commentary, live footage or b-rolls, music and/or sound effects.

(b) Broadcast your news Bulletin on the Swan media web page.

4. Evaluation
Note: Outcome 3 is relevant to this section.

Evaluate your own media productions:

You are expected to keep a production journal (visual diary). In this you should outline major decisions you made during the production processes, explain and evaluate the choices you made and evaluate the final production and audience response.

TELEVISION STRUCTURE DEPARTMENTS AND STAFF

NEWS
1:REPORTING
2:REPORTERS
3:PACKAGES
4:NEWS ROOM
5:NEWS STUDIO
6:MCR AND PCR
7:DIRECTOR NEWS
8:BEAURU OFFICES
BEAURU CHEIF
9:REPORTERS
10:EDITORS

NLE
NON LINEAR EDITING
1:CAMERA TEAMS
2:PRODUCERS
3:TECHNICAL
4:DSNG STAFF
5:ASSIGNMENT EDITORS
6:ANCHORS
7:WARDROBE
8:MAKEUP

PROGRAMMING IS BASICALLY OF THREE TYPES
1:CURRENT AFFAIRS
2:ENTERTAINMENT
3:INFOTAINMENT
SOME CHANNELS NOW ARE USING CONTENT DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT AS WELL

DIRECTORS
EXECUTIVE PRODUCERS
PRODUCER/PANEL PRODUCERS
SENIOR PRODUCERS
ASSOCIATE PRODUCERS
RESEARCHERS
COORDINATORS
NLE

CAMERAMAN TEAM /LIGHTING
TECHNICAL
STUDIO FLOOR
MAKEUP
ENGINEERS
AUDIO/VISUAL OPERATORS
SET DESIGN

news package

NEWS PACKAGE
A news package is a creative, visual, and long form of storytelling found on television newscasts. The news is conveyed to an audience by packaging together a story that includes characters, facts, plot twists, and a climax to provide entertainment value at the same time.

News Package
A news package is a self-contained taped news report. Many networks use news packages to provide innovative newscasts to broad audiences. Alternate ways of referring to these newscasts include package, taped package, news pkg, or simply as a pack.
Structure and Script
Reporters will often spend large amounts of their time researching stories and interviewing characters to eventually write the scripts for these packages. A common part of a news package is the appearance of a reporter talking into the camera. This is called a "standup" because the reporter is often seen standing in front of the camera on the scene of the story. Usually, the news anchor will read an introduction live, then the pre-recorded story will be shown.

Most viewers have never seen a script for a news package, as what the audience sees is the video form of the script. When a script is created, it often involves many different elements in addition to the exact wording of the story that the reporter is going to present, such as:



Storyline
Visuals
Audio
Timing and cues
Tone
Voiceovers


The writer has to consider both what the viewer sees (visuals) and also what they are going to hear (audio). There is the visual aspect of video production, where images and videos of the subject matter are presented, while the audio specifies sound bytes, voiceovers, and music that may accompany the visuals to help the story along.


Timing and specific cues for the editor and post-production team are also important aspects of script creation for news packages. Indicating the timing and length of a particular visual on the script can help with weaving sound bytes and voiceovers together with images and storylines.


By also indicating the tone and feelings that are to be conveyed, the emotional component of a newscast can start to take shape. Once the full package script is complete, the reporter is ready to go into a sound booth and record voice-overs.


The post-production team will then use the script to bring together the whole news package, to create a newscast that is entertaining, compelling, and informative, while keeping in line with the reporter's overall vision and storyline.

IT SHOULD START WITH BRIEF INTRODUCTION OF YOUR TOPIC
1:ON SCREEN
FIRST VISUAL SHOULD BE OF NEWS ANCHORS TELLING THE NEWS STORY AND FOR FURTHER INFORMATION AND DETAILS CONSULT THE NEWS PACKGE
2:VOICE OVER AND VISUALS
VISUALS RELATED TO THE NEWS REPORT WITH VOICEOVER
3:SOT1,SOT2,SOT3,
PEOPLE WHO ARE TELLING INFORMATION ASKED BY REPORTER
4:VOICE OVER
EXPLANATION ABOUT THE TOPIC
5:PTC
PIECE TO CAMERA A piece to camera is the television and film term used for when a presenter or a character speaks directly to the viewing audience through the camera. It is most common when a news or television show presenter is reporting or ... 3. conclusive or closing PTC - ending of news where the presenter acknowledge itself

CAMERA SHOTS ,ANGLES,MOVEMENTS,FRAMES

CAMERA SHOTS 

Shots indicating subject size

There are many ways in which you can frame your subject, from seeing their entire body to only their eyes. Generally speaking, we can break this down into three main shot sizes: Long, Medium, and Close. Long shots (also commonly called Wide shots) show the subject from a distance, emphasizing place and location, while Close shots reveal details of the subject and highlight emotions of a character. Medium shots fall somewhere in between, putting emphasis on the subject while still showing some of the surrounding environment.

It’s important to note that the following shot types only relate to subject size within the frame, and don’t directly indicate what type of lens is used to capture the scene. The choice of lens—and, thus, the distance of the camera from the subject—remains an artistic decision for the Director and/or Director of Photography. With that in mind, on to the list!

Extreme Long Shot (aka Extreme Wide Shot)  Used to show the subject from a distance, or the area in which the scene is taking place. This type of shot is particularly useful for establishing a scene (see Establishing Shot later in the article) in terms of time and place, as well as a character’s physical or emotional relationship to the environment and elements within it. The character doesn’t necessarily have to be viewable in this shot.

Long Shot (aka Wide Shot)  Shows the subject from top to bottom; for a person, this would be head to toes, though not necessarily filling the frame. The character becomes more of a focus than an Extreme Long Shot, but the shot tends to still be dominated by the scenery. This shot often sets the scene and our character’s place in it. This can also serve as an Establishing Shot, in lieu of an Extreme Long Shot.

Full Shot  Frames character from head to toes, with the subject roughly filling the frame. The emphasis tends to be more on action and movement rather than a character’s emotional state.

Medium Shot  Shows part of the subject in more detail. For a person, a medium shot typically frames them from about waist up. This is one of the most common shots seen in films, as it focuses on a character (or characters) in a scene while still showing some environment.

Master Shot  Term given to a single, uninterrupted shot of a scene. This shot can be the only shot used by a director to cover a scene, or edited together with additional shots. While it’s commonly a Long or Full Shot, a Master Shot can be a closer shot, or consist of multiple shot types if the camera is moving throughout the scene.

PROFILE SHOT

A head shot or headshot is a modern (mostly digital files ) portrait where the focus is on the person. The term is usually applied for professional profile images on social media, the 'about us page' or a corporate website and promotional pictures of actors, models, and authors.


CUT IN AND CUT AWAY SHOTS

In film and video, a cutaway shot is the interruption of a continuously filmed action by inserting a view of something else. It is usually followed by a cut back to the first shot, when the cutaway avoids a jump cut.The cutaway shot does not necessarily contribute any dramatic content of its own, but is used to help the editorassemble a longer sequence.For this reason, editors choose cutaway shots related to the main action, such as another action or object in the same location.For example, if the main shot is of a man walking down an alley, possible cutaways may include a shot of a cat on a nearby dumpster or a shot of a person watching from a window overhead.



Similarly, a cutaway scene is the interruption of a scene with the insertion of another scene, generally unrelated or only peripherally related to the original scene. The interruption is usually quick, and is usually, although not always, ended by a return to the original scene. The effect is of commentary to the original scene, frequently comic in nature.

MOVEMENTS

PANNING

Panning is when the camera is moved horizontally from one side to another on a central axis. This is a rotating movement in which the camera’s position remains in place, but the direction that it faces changes. It can be used to follow a moving character or to fit more into a frame, for example, panning across a landscape to create a sense of place.

TILTING

Tilting is similar to panning in that the camera is kept in a stationary position, but unlike panning (which looks from side to side) tilting focuses on upwards & downwards movements. Using a tilting motion helps to fit more into a single frame. A slow upwards tilt can be very effective in making a subject appear bigger or more significant while a downwards tilt has the opposite effect.

DOLLY

A dolly shot is when the entire camera is mounted on a track and is moved towards or away from a subject. Unlike a zoom shot, the world around the subject moves with the camera. A dolly gives the illusion that the viewer is walking towards the subject and can be a great way of creating a sense of intimacy between them.

TRUCKING

Similar to dollying, trucking involves moving the entire camera along a fixed point, but the motion goes from side to side, rather than in and out. It’s often used to follow characters in action. Mounting the camera on a fluid motion track will help to stamp out any jerking camera movements.

https://www.utdallas.edu/atec/midori/Handouts/camera.htm

ANGLES

1. High angle. The camera is placed above eye level, looking downward. A high angle shot (downshot) can make a character look smaller, younger, weak, confused, or more childlike.
2. Eye level. Most commonly used.
3. Low angle. The camera is placed below eye level, looking upward. A low angle shot (upshot) can make a character look bigger, stronger, or nobler. It also gives the impression of height.

EQUIPMENT 

1:TRIPOD (LIVE ,RECORD)

2:WHEEL CART (DOLLY)

3:CRANE

4:DRONE

5:JIB

6:WIRELESS CAM

LINK TO STUDIO (ENG)

OUTDOOR AND DIRECT BROADCAST (DSNG /EFP)

DSNG (VAN): FOR LIVE BROADCAST 

EFP(ELECTRONIC FEILD PURPOSE)

they use multiple camers for covering conferences ,concerts,festivals ,gathering etc

they capture footage which can be of three types

1:raw footage 

raw camera recording without edit

2:footage 

edited form of raw footage

3:visual clips 

MCR /master control room

feed /clead feed is a recording of program producer sends to MCR for onair 

if it is edit then it would be named as feed well clean feed is raw material or raw form of recording or recorded video

JIB

autmatic camera controlled by control room ,it only captures vertical up and down 

wireless cam 

usually connected to dsng vans 

INTRODUCTION TO TV SCREEN

A television news screen layout or television news screen interface refers to the layout image displayed during a television news program broadcast. 

The layouts used differ between television stations and countries, and information displayed may include things such as main news topics and headlines within the lower third, channel logos, a news ticker, and in some cases weather and stock market information.


LOGO :that most television broadcasters overlay over a portion of the screen area of their programs to identify the channel. They are thus a form of permanent visual station identification, increasing brand recognition and asserting ownership of the video signal. In some cases, the graphic also shows the name of the current program. Some television networks use an on-screen graphic to advertise upcoming programs (usually programs scheduled later the same day, but also for "significant" upcoming programs as much as a week in advance).

A news ticker (sometimes called a Crawler or Slide ) is a essentially Horizontal, Text based Display this on in the form of a Graphic that Commonly Occupy in the low third of the Screen Pass/Screen Space.Financial news avenue use two or more tickers advance at disparate speeds, advertise basic prices and job profession headlines.

LOWER THIRD
In the television industry, a lower third is a graphic overlay placed in the title-safe lower area of the screen, though not necessarily the entire lower third of it, as the name suggests.

In its simplest form, a lower third can just be text overlying the video. Frequently this text is white with a drop shadow to make the words easier to read. A lower third can also contain graphical elements such as boxes, images or shading; some lower thirds have animated backgrounds and text.

Lower thirds can be created using basic home-video editing software or professional-level equipment; this equipment makes use of video's alpha channel to determine what parts of the graphic or text should be transparent, allowing the video in the background to show through

HEAD SPACE /HEAD ROOM

In photography and cinematography, headroom or head room is a concept of aesthetic composition that addresses the relative vertical position of the subject within the frame of the image. Headroom refers specifically to the distance between the top of the subject's head and the top of the frame, but the term is sometimes used instead of lead room, nose room or 'looking room'to include the sense of space on both sides of the image. The amount of headroom that is considered aesthetically pleasing is a dynamic quantity; it changes relative to how much of the frame is filled by the subject. For both photography and cinematography, composition is incredibly important. Rather than pointing and shooting, one must compose the image to be pleasing.Too much room between a subject's head and the top of frame results in dead space. Its uninteresting and leaves the viewer feeling awkward.

TEXT ON VISUALS

Visual text uses a combination of visual features (camera shots, still pictures, and graphics) and verbal features (words, dialogue and language features) to get a message across to the audience. ..

PIP (picture in picture)

Picture-in-picture (PiP) is a feature of some television receivers and similar devices. One program (channel) is displayed on the full TV screen at the same time as one or more other programs are displayed in inset windows.

CARICATCHER 

A caricature is a rendered image showing the features of its subject in a simplified or exaggerated way through sketching, pencil strokes, or through other artistic way
What is a news bumper?
In broadcasting, a commercial bumper, ident bumper or break-bumper (often shortened to bump) is a brief announcement, usually two to fifteen seconds in length that can contain a voice over, placed between a pause in the program and its commercial break, and vice versa. ... Bumpers can vary from simple text to short films.

LINK

IS BASICALLY ANNOUNCEMENT OF A PRESENTER FOR CONSULTING THE REPORTER FOR FURTHER NEWS DETAILS