morphemes/Language and Communication

Language and Communication

Morpheme is the minimal meaningful grammatical unit of a language that cannot be further divided (e.g. in, come, -ing, forming incoming).

Morphology is the study of word formation that how new words are createdand get different shapes. It also gives a different meaning according to the context. In fact, context indicates the context which helps us to draw the meaning.

e.g ‘Hamza is assigned to manage the media group as the president.’ ‘Hamza successfully trained the management of the media group.’ Hamza`s first session was about, ‘Reporting professionally is easily manageable.’

In the above examples we see that the shapes of the words change according to the context and it also changes the meaning.

Types of Morphemes

Morpheme can be classified as either free or bound.

Free Morphemes that can occur on their own without any morphemes necessarily attached to them. As such, free morphemes can stand by themselves as single, thoroughly independent words, e.g. manage as in management, mother as in motherhood or words such as pen, tea,and man.

Bound Morphemesare bound in the very sense that they cannot stand alone and are thus necessarily attached to another form. For instance, “-ment” as in management or "un" as in unhappy'' are bound morphemes.

Morphological Processes

Ø  Derivational Morphemes is a process to create new words. I can also change the grammatical position of a word.

Process of Affixation:

Affix means to attach other words with the base word. Process of affixation helps us to form new words. Affixation can take place in these three ways to form new words:

Ø  Prefixes: are used in the beginning of a base word. e.g “un” inuneducated.

Ø  Infixes: are used in the middle of a base word. e.g “in” in Mother-in-law.

Ø  Suffixes: are attached in the end of the base word. e.g “tion” in education.

Properties of Language

Human language differ from animal languages?

There is a sheer distinction between the Human and Animal language.

Human languages differ from animal languages in many ways. Some of the major features of human languages are 1) displacement, 2) arbitrariness, 3) productivity, 4) cultural transmission, 5) discreteness, and 6) duality. Animal languages do not possess these features:

Displacement

A major difference between animal language and human language is the displacement feature of human language. It means that human language can overcome the limitations of time and space. Animal communication is designed for here and now. But, human language can relate to events removed in time and space.

Arbitrariness

A major difference between animal language and human language is the arbitrariness of human language. It means that human linguistic signs do not have any natural connection between its form and meaning. The only exceptions are the onomatopoeic sounds. In the animal communication, the signs they use are synonymous with meaning.

Productivity

A major difference between animal language and human language is the productivity of human language. This refers to the human ability to combine limited linguistic signs to produce new sentences and expressions. Animals are incapable of this as animal signals have fixed reference.

Cultural Transmission

A major difference between animal language and human language is the cultural transmission of human language. While animals get their language genetically, human beings acquire language. Human languages are passed down by the society in which one lives and grows up.

Discreteness

A major difference between animal language and human language is the discreteness of human language. This refers to the uniqueness of the sounds used in human languages. Every language uses a set of different sounds. Each of these sounds is different from the rest and are combined to form new meanings. A sound can be repeated, or combined with another to form a new meaning. But, animal languages do not have this feature of discreteness.

Duality

One major difference between animal language and human language is the duality of human language. This is not found in animal languages. Human language can be both spoken and written. Even the languages that do not have alphabet can be written down using some symbols. Animal languages are only spoken.

Vowel Sounds

Figure

Vowel sounds are typically voiced sounds. Pronunciation changes because of vowel sounds. These sounds are produced with free flow of air. Flow of air is very clear and no obstruction is felt while producing these sounds. To describe vowel sounds we describe the way in which tongue influence the shape through which the airflow must pass. To talk about the place of articulation we think of the space inside the mouth as having front vs back area. Thus in pronunciation of hit and heat we raise the tongue towards upper side. In contrast the vowel sound in hat and hotis produced with the tongue in lower position.Vowels with two dots are long vowels while the vowels having no dots are short vowels. We have four long vowels and seven short vowels.

Keeping in view the above figure we have three categories of vowels:

Ø  Front Vowels:they are called front vowels because front part of the tongue is used while producing these sounds. Front vowels are unrounded. We have four front vowels and the second is called centralised because it is near to central.

Ø  Back Vowels:they are called back vowels because back part of the tongue is used while producing these sounds. Back vowels are rounded. We have four back vowels and two are long. The second one is called centralised because it is near to Central vowels.

Ø  Central Vowels:they are called central vowels because central part of the tongue is used while producing these sounds. Central vowels are also unrounded.They are three in number.

Human Signed Language

Signed Language: Sign language refers to a mode of communication, distinct from spoken languages, which uses visual gestures with the hands accompanied by body language to express meaning.

Signed languages, like spoken languages, are highly structured linguistic system; they have their own sets of phonological, morphological and syntactic characteristics. Despite complex differences between spoken and signed languages, the associated brain areas are thus far thought to share a lot in common.

It has been determined that the brain's left side is the dominant side utilized for producing and understanding sign language, just as it is for speech. In 1861, Paul Broca studied patients with the ability to understand spoken languages but the inability to produce them. The damaged area was named Broca's area, and located in the left hemisphere. Soon after, in 1874, Carl Wernicke studied patients with the reverse deficits: patients could produce spoken language, but could not comprehend it. The damaged area was named Wernicke's area, and is located in the left hemisphere. Signers with damage in Broca's area, have problems producing signs. Those with damage in the Wernicke's area (left hemisphere) in the temporal lobe of the brain have problems comprehending signed languages. Early on, it was noted that Broca’s area was near the part of the motor cortex controlling the face and mouth. Likewise, Wernicke's area was near the auditory cortex. These motor and auditory areas are important in spoken language processing and production, but the connection to signed languages had yet to be uncovered. For this reason, the left hemisphere was described as the verbal hemisphere, with the right hemisphere deemed to be responsible for spatial tasks. This criteria and classification was used to denounce signed languages as equal with their spoken counterparts before it was more widely agreed upon that due to the similarities in cortical connectivity they are linguistically and cognitively equivalent. In the 1980's research on deaf patients with left hemisphere stroke were examined to explore the brains connection with signed languages. The left perisylvian region was discovered to be functionally critical for language, spoken and signed. Its location near several key auditory processing regions led to the belief that language processing required auditory input and was used to discredit signed languages as "real languages." This research opened the doorway for linguistic analysis and further research of signed languages.

1. Different countries have different sign languages.

This is the sign for the word "math" in two different sign languages—American Sign Language on the left, and Japanese Sign Language on the right. Why should there be more than one sign language? Doesn't that just complicate things? This question would make sense if sign language was a system invented and then handed over to the deaf community as an assistive device. But sign languages, like spoken languages, developed naturally out of groups of people interacting with each other. We know this because we have observed it happen in real time.

2. Given a few generations, improvised gestures can evolve into a full language.

In 1980, the first Nicaraguan school for the deaf opened. Students who had been previously isolated from other deaf people brought the gestures they used at home, and created a sort of pidgin sign with each other. It worked for communication, but it wasn't consistent or rule-governed. The next generation who came into the school learned the pidgin sign and spontaneously started to regularize it, creating rules for verb agreement and other consistent grammatical devices.

3. Sign language does not represent spoken language.

Because sign languages develop within deaf communities, they can be independent of the surrounding spoken language. American Sign Language (ASL) is quite different from British Sign Language (BSL), despite the fact that English is the spoken language of both countries. The above picture shows the sign WHERE in BSL (on the left) and ASL (on the right).

That said, there is a lot of contact between sign language and spoken language (deaf people read and write or lip read in the surrounding language), and sign languages reflect this. English can be represented through fingerspelling or artificial systems like Signed Exact English or Cued Speech. But these are codes for spoken or written language, not languages themselves.

4. Sign languages have their own grammar.

There are rules for well-created sentences in sign language. For example, sign language uses the space in front of the signer to show who did what to whom by pointing. However, some verbs point to both the subject and object of the verb, some point only to the object, and some don't point at all. Another rule is that a well-created question must have the right kind of eyebrow position. Eyebrows should be down for a who-what-where-when-why question (see ASL WHERE picture above), and up for a yes/no question. If you use the rules wrong, or inconsistently, you will have a "foreign" accent!

5. Children acquire sign language in the same way they acquire spoken language

The stages of sign language acquisition are the same as those for spoken language. Babies start by "babbling" with their hands. When they first start producing words, they substitute easier handshapes for more difficult ones, making for cute "baby pronunciations." They start making sentences by stringing signs together and only later get control of all the grammatical rules. Most importantly, as seen in the above video, they learn through natural interaction with the people around them.

6. Brain damage affects sign language in the same way it affects spoken language.

When fluent signers have a stroke or brain injury, they may lose the ability to sign, but not to make imitative or non-sign gestures. They may be able to produce signs, but not put them in the correct grammatical configurations. They may be able to produce sentences, but with the signs created incorrectly, creating a strange accent. They may be able to sign quickly and easily, but without making any sense. We know from studying speaking people that "making sounds" is quite different from "using language" because these functions are affected differently by brain damage. The same is true for signers. Neurologically, making gestures is quite different from using sign language.

7. Sign language is a visual language.

This one is pretty obvious, but it's important to mention. Sign language is just like spoken language in many ways, but it's also different. Sign can be very straightforward and formal, but it can also take full advantage of its visual nature for expressive or artistic effect, as shown in the story in this video. Which, when you think about it, doesn't make sign language all that different after all. For expressive purposes, we can take full advantage of spoken language's auditory nature. We can also take advantage of facial expressions and gestures when we speak. Everything that would be in an artistic spoken performance—the words, the ordering of clauses, the pauses, the breath intake, the intonation and melody, the stressing or deemphasizing of sounds, the facial and vocal emotion, the body posture and head and hand gestures—come through together in sign language. It looks amazing not because it shows us what sign language can do, but because it shows us what language does.

Film/Motion Picture/ MASS MEDIA IN PAKISTAN

MASS MEDIA IN PAKISTAN



Topic:

Film/Motion Picture

Film or movie is a form of entertainment that enacts a story by a sequence of images giving the illusionof continuous movement. They are also called motion picture because a film or a movie works on thetheme of pictures in motion.



Film in Sub-Continent

The Lumier Brothers of France exhibited their short films in December 1895 at Grande Cafe, Paris. Thefollowing year, they brought the show to India and held its premiere at the Watson Hotel in Bombay on7 July 1896.

Raja Harishchandra (1913) was the first silent feature film made in subcontinent. It was made byDadasahebPhalke.By the 1930s, the industry was producing over 200 films per annum. The first Indian sound film,ArdeshirIrani'sAlamAra (1931), was a super hit. There was clearly a huge market for talkies andmusicals; Bollywood and all the regional film industries quickly switched to sound filming.



Film – a popular medium of communication



Film is an important and a very popular mass medium of communication particularly persuasion andentertainment. Although in our society it has not been used in such a planned and systematic way whereit could help in addressing social evils and other problems but in developed societies and even in manydeveloping countries this medium is being utilized to it fullest and have given very positive results.



Films have been produced on different subjects and topics in different parts of the world but the topicthat has always been a center of attention since the early years of motion picture is “War”.War films have often been used as 'flag-waving' propaganda to inspire national pride and morale, and todisplay the nobility of one's own forces while harshly displaying and criticizing the villainy of theenemy, especially during war or in post-war periods.



Experts concluded that generally when people watch movies they assume themselves as their favouriteheroes and it takes them away from their real lives where they are facing many problems. It also helpthem sometimes in seeing their unfulfilled dreams being fulfilled on screen which gives them a strangesense of satisfaction and despite the fact that they know what they are seeing on screen is fabricated andnot real but still they spend money and time to watch it and enjoy it. Deprived people when see peopleliving luxurious lives on screen, they dream themselves in place of protagonists, it gives them anunconscious feeling that they themselves are present at those beautiful lands or living that extraordinarylife which is nothing but a trance.

Film is a very strong medium of communication. Usually the films that are declared best movies of theyear are those that have something for everyone. These movies have strong subjects and story lineswhether they are war movies or religious movies. Their story, camerawork, editing, script, dialogues,acting everything is of quality which makes them best.



PAKISTAN FILM INDUSTRY



Till 1931 all movies were silent/mute films. Among the famous films that were produced in that era,Charlie Chaplin’s films are given classical status. He was a producer, director, writer as well as a verygood actor. He addressed very serious issues in his comedy films. Comedy is basically divided intothree main categories: (i) Dialogue-based comedy (ii) Situational comedy i.e. sit com, and (iii) Gesturebasedcomedy. As those movies were silent films therefore Charlie Chaplin used later two categories of comedy and entertained his fans and viewers. He also made many movies on violence and EconomicDepression that Europe was facing in those days.



Film in Sub-Continent

In sub-continent films started in 1913. Calcutta, Bombay and Lahore were three main hubs of filmindustry in India. Initially the films that were produced either were religious films or wars or violencebased films. The movies that were produced in Calcutta had an element of music too. The first talkyfilm that was produced on Indian soil was AlamAra (1931).

From 1931 to 1947 in addition to Lahore, Bombay and Calcutta, Madras also became a hub of filmindustry and a lot of the movies produced in this region appeared on the film world. Among thedirectors that got international fame, SatyaJeetray, is a big name. He was a Bengali director and theonly person from this part of the film world who got international acclaim.



Film in Pakistan



In Pakistan, along with Lahore the city that became a hub was Karachi. New studios were built here anda lot of the actors and directors migrated from India and started their work on Pakistani soil. Thirdcentre of Pakistan Film Industry was Dhaka, in Eastern wing of the country that has now becomeBangladesh.



Indian movies also kept coming to Pakistan, as they were a big source of entertainment to people andPakistan Film Industry was not so developed and very few films were being produced here. Butwhatever the films Pakistani Directors and Producers were producing, under the trade policy signedbetween the two parties, Pakistani films were also sent to India.



Initially, in spite of lack of facilities,Pakistan produced some really good movies that competed with India films.Under the agreed trade policy, exchange was taking place on the standard that our A class movie wasexchanged with their B or C class film. It continued till 1962. In 1962, film producers protested that ourfilms industry cannot flourish until and unless Indian movies will keep coming here. This movement isremembered as Jaal Film Movement because it was launched when a very successful Indian film Jaalwas to be released here. At film producers, directors and actors strong protest government finallyaccepted their demand and put a ban on the import of Indian films. After that Pakistan Film Industrystarted flourishing and almost 120-125 films were released in a year. At that time there were almost 850picture houses in the country.

Ban on the import of Indian films, where gave a boom to our film industry, there it also affected it in anegative way. From 1962-1973, all the hit films produced by Pakistani producers were plagiarizedversions of blockbuster Indian films. And people came to know it when Indian government fixed itsboaster in Amritsar to make their TV broadcast reach to Pakistani border areas and started telecastingtwo films in a week. It was a great shame for the whole nation when they came to know that theentertainment provided to them by their great directors, producers and writers was all plagiarized.



Mediaparticularly newspapers criticized it very openly and brutally and started publishing lists of allplagiarized films, song’s lyrics etc. Showing their reaction towards this open criticism film producerspassed a collective resolution and stopped giving their ads to Pakistan Times and Daily Mashriq. It wasone reason that why our film industry could not flourish because they never trusted in their own abilitiesand preferred copying over producing original stuff.



Very few of our film producers and directors tried to produce original and creative stuff, most of themhave been copying others’ creativity that did not let them grow in their creativity and now they are notable to survive in this competitive word.



DOWNFALL OF PAKISTAN FILM INDUSTRY



Pakistan film industry is facing artistic as well as financial crisis. After a ban on Indian films, filmindustry started progressing but their plagiarizing attitude restricted their creativity from further growth.However that’s not the only reason of the present crisis that industry is facing. There are many otherfactors that are responsible for the downfall of the industry.



In late 70s and early 80s when VCR culture flourished, once again it provided a market for IndianFilms. As there was no apparent ban on watching Indian films at homes and easy availability of VHStapes and VCRs on minor rents, a whole market for Indian Films developed. People preferred watchingoriginal stuff than plagiarized versions. Although most of their films were also copied from Hollywoodor English films but still they were producing some original stuff too and along with that, technicalquality of their films was also very good, this moved people towards Indian movies and than from habit,it became a culture.



Another reason is lack of any training or educational institute where producers, directors, actors,cameramen, set designers, script writers could be given any training. In Pakistan, film has never beenaccepted as a true Art form and therefore no step has been taken for its growth and development. Nowin 21st century some private institutions have started some degree programs but still nothing could besaid on the quality of the education or training they are going to provide. Still, over all as a beginning itis a good step and hopefully public institutions will also be taking such steps to add fresh blood to theindustry. Unlike Pakistan, in India there are many institutions from quite a time now where actors,producers and directors are given proper training and then as a professional they join the industry.



In Pakistan, lack of technical facilities that are important to compete internationally, are another reasonof its downfall. Advertising companies make short films for TV but they don’t process their films hereas they are not satisfied with quality of the equipment available. They have to send their films toThailand, Singapore and Turkey for processing. This has affected Art films production in the country.



Another problem of our Film industry is finances. After 1971 East Pakistan separated from us where56% of the population was living. That tragedy affected the market and viewership of the industry. Thendue to Indian films people also stopped coming to cinema houses and as a result producers stoppedinvesting into this business. It also affected the owners of Cinema Houses who later started convertingtheir Cinema/ Picture houses into Theatres or marriage halls or shopping centers etc.

In 1973/74 countryhad almost 850 cinema houses and now they are almost 350, others have been converted into otherbusinesses. By laws of the government are another reason because they have made owning a cinemahouse a heavy business for the people. Most of the cinema houses have been converted into commercialtheatres, which are getting popular day by day despite their low quality and standard.



Initially in theatre we had big names like Imtiaz Ali Taj, Rafi Peer etc. but theatre never had a status of amedium of mass entertainment particularly in our society. Serious theatre was the only form of theatreavailable to people. Commercial Theatre began when cinema owners particularly in Lahore startedconverting their cinemas into Theatre Halls. The theatre that started here was mostly comic but due to

the cheap and substandard content negative criticism arouse against theatre plays’ producers, directors,writers and actors and government therefore decided to censor the plays and theirs scripts. As danceswere also a permanent element of these plays therefore government also adopted a strict stance overthese dances and many actresses were fined and at times even banned for performing vulgar or obscenedances on stage.



Experts say that although in this 21st century everyone around is talking about freedom of expression butthe kind of entertainment these plays are providing to people is worth censoring. However, the laws thatgovernment is using against them need to be updated or revised. Still 1874’s law is being used to censorthese theatre plays.



Theatre is a very strong medium of communication. People buy very expensive tickets to see theseplays. If used sensibly and seriously it can bring better and constructive results. The reason why it hasnot been used seriously here is that unlike England, we don’t have a culture of watching theatre plays.



We did have a culture of watching cinema but it has also almost diminished now.If seen in over all scenario film and theatre actors particularly in comparison to TV actors are not givenrespect and honour in one society. It is still not an accepted art form here. People watch their moviesand plays, get entertained but don’t give back anything other than money. Some people even think thatthe people who invest money in these businesses invest for the purpose of turning their black moneyinto white money. There might be some truth in it but still they are art forms and they should be treatedlike other mediums of communication and entertainment.

In civilized countries media of communication give support to each other. In Pakistan PTV has alsotried to perform this job and has filled the space left due to the non-availability of good films and haseven competed with Indian Art Cinema but it could not do anything in developing the industry orgetting it out of the crisis it is facing, may be because people in film industry are themselves not united and not doing anything in getting out of the present crisis.



In our country the concept of Art Cinema or Parallel Cinema is also very vague. People don’t knowmuch about them Art films are formed for a specific audience and not for general audience. Anotherform of film making is Amateur Film making, which is very developed in our neighboring country.



Here in Pakistan some people have now started taking interest in it but still due to the lack of goodinstitutions they are not capable of competing at international level. However some of them are reallygood and show a spark that if given some support and training can do much better.



Film Industry’s Improvement

Investment/commercial support

Ideas/stories

Governmental Support

Cooperation with known international production houses

Specialized Education

Making New Quality Films

The Social, Political and Economic Effects of the War on Terror:

The Social, Political and Economic Effects of the War on Terror: Pakistan 2009 To 2011

Pakistan has been fighting the war on terror, as a front line state, since September 2001. So far, the war has brought huge destruction to Pakistan by slowing down the economic growth, devastating the social structure, and harming the country politically. This paper attempts to study the social, political, and economic effects of the war on terror on Pakistan from 2009 to 2011. During this period, intensity of the war increased and it spread into the settled areas of Pakistan. Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) suffered the most. This qualitative paper shows a significant negative relationship between terrorist activities and economic growth, social progress, and political advancement.

1:These are the primary sectors of Pakistan economy and any terrorist activity has a negative impact on these sectors.

 Pakistan is an agrarian economy and 45 percent of the population depends on agriculture for earning livelihood. During 2009 to 2011 the imposition of frequent curfews, shelling and firing destroyed fruits and other agriculture commodities in Swat valley. It had a negative impact on the local economy and also caused unemployment.

2:From 2009 to 2011 foreign direct investment decreased as terrorism spread fear among the people and foreigners were reluctant to invest in Pakistan. Stock market also suffered due to high profile killings like that of Benazir Bhutto, ex-premier of Pakistan. Due to large scale military operations against the militants, defense expenditures increased manifold which ultimately decreased the development budget. Annual budget for the police force also increased significantly. Similarly, terrorism also affected tourism and manufacturing sectors.

3:Pakistan lost more than fifty thousand citizens and military personnel. Terrorists destroyed a number of schools in KPK and FATA which also spread fear among the school going children. Due to terrorist attacks on the private property people lost their businesses and unemployment increased. Military operations against the militants uprooted millions of people in KPK and FATA which brought economic, social and psychological sufferings to them

Impact Analysis of the War on Terror on Pakistan The ongoing war on terror has left deep negative social, political, economic, and psychological implications for Pakistan

Sectors                                 Impact of terrorism

1:   ECONOMY:            Negative impact on earnings, consumption, tourism, foreign direct investment, security expenditures etc. 

2:Political impact:   Negative impact on the country’s image at the local, regional and international level

3: Social impact:Negative impact on employment, poverty, infrastructure and has high human cost 

4: Psychological well-being:  Negative impact on human health and causes traumas, stress and headache 

Social Impact of the War 

Incidence of Terrorism and Human Cost: 

The intensity of terrorism increased in Pakistan in 2009 as the country experienced mega terrorist’s attacks on the General Headquarters of Pakistan Army,

 Sri Lankan cricket team in Lahore and on Manawa Police Training Center, Lahore.13 PIPS data also shows that fifty four political leaders and activists were assassinated in FATA and KPK.

 In FATA, 559 terrorist attacks took place which killed 644 people and injured 1046. In KPK, in 1137 attacks 1438 people were killed. Further, in 2010, 459 attacks killed 836 people in KPK. 

In FATA, 904 people were killed and army convoys check posts and pro - government elders were frequently attacked. PIPS data shows that in 2012, 

1577 terrorist attacks killed 2050 people. In KPK, 456 attacks killed 401 people while in FATA, 388 terrorist attacks killed 631 people. Frequent terrorist attacks brought negative economic, political, social and psychological consequences for Pakistan

destruction of property, infrastructure and sluggish economic growth.

Rate of Unemployment: 

In 2007, Greenbaum, Dugan & LaFree examined the impact of terrorism on employment and business outcomes in Italy from 1985 to 1997 and found that terrorist attacks decrease employment opportunities.15 Employment is more of a social issue than an economic one as it affects the lives of all people alike. In Pakistan unemployment increased from 3.12 million in 2009-10 to 3.40 million in 2010-11.16 Table 2 shows that due to increased terrorist activities in the urban areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, unemployment increased from 0.10 million in 2009- 10 to 0.12 million 2010-2011. However, the data for FATA is not available. It can be easily predicted, from the intensity of terrorism, that thousands of people would have become jobless in FATA

Impact on Education Education is the key to progress for any nation of the world. Militants attacked and destroyed a number of boys and girls schools in FATA and KPK as a strategy to imbue the youth of the area with militant values. Militants attacked 119 schools in 2008; 188 in 2009; 129 in 2010 and 142 in 2011. In 2011, 79 attacks were witnessed in KPK and 56 in FATA. Girls’ schools suffered 62 attacks against 51 attacks on boys’ schools. Militants destroyed almost 1,000 schools, mostly girls’ schools, in FATA and KPK. Only in Swat valley, 401 schools were destroyed in 2010-11.19 According to KPK Education Department, militants destroyed a total of 758 schools in various parts of the province including 640 schools in Malakand division.20 Militants destroyed local culture, banned listening to music and recreational activities



Displacement and its Impact: Pakistan Institute of Peace Studies found that due to military operations in various parts of the KPK and FATA, 2.7 million to 3.5 million people were displaced which is considered as the largest displacement in the history of Pakistan. The displaced people left their homes for safety and security and went to the urban areas of the country to support their families. Largest displacement took place in South Waziristan Agency in FATA where approximately 4, 28,000 people were displaced. In Orakzai Agency, 4, 00,000 people and in Malakand division 3, 83,190 people were uprooted out of which 3, 82,950returned home while 20,777 are still in the camps. In Khyber Agency, between 84,000 and 100,000 people were uprooted while the number of people who fled Mohmand and Bajaur agencies is estimated as 7, 50,000.22 Due to increased militancy and subsequent military operations, the local residents, particularly women and children, of the conflict areas suffered from physical and psychological abuse and traumas. The fear of death and feelings of helplessness further traumatized their live

Political Impact of the War 

High incidents of terrorism lead to increased political instability in a country.24 Similarly, war on terror has left significant political impact on Pakistan at domestic, regional and international level. Militants destroyed the local social, political and judicial structures in FATA and Malakand division. The tribal areas of Pakistan are governed by Frontier Crime Regulation (FCR) and local disputes are settled in Jirgas that work in collaboration with political agents, appointed by the federal government. During crisis, militants killed hundreds of local elders which disturbed the political balance in FATA.25 She further found, “The presence of the military in FATA in post 9/11 scenario also undermined the authority of political agents. The power of the jirga and political agents has been assumed by Taliban commanders” (P-41). This also reduced the influence of political parties in FATA and Malakand division. Women politicians were harassed and an active women councilor from Dir district of KPK was murdered. Pakistan decision to join war on terror has weakened the federation as the fighting is getting longer. This has also created gap between the masses and the Pakistan military as the pro-Taliban section of the people opine that Pakistan army is fighting a war of US while pro-US section of people say that

Pakistan military is the biggest hurdle in eliminating terrorism and supporting militants in Afghanistan
Economic Impact of the War 

Government of Pakistan Estimates of the War on Terror: Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP-II) of the Ministry of Finance, Government of Pakistan has identified five indirect costs of the war on terror, in addition to the direct costs. The first one is the slowing down of domestic economic activity. It means that foreign direct investment, industrial output, tax collection and exports decreased. Overall GDP growth suffered due to intensive terrorism. The second one is the increase in the credit risk of the country which means that Pakistan suffered from the financial losses by failing to repay the loans it obtained from financial organizations especially IMF. The third indirect cost is the enormous increase in unemployment in terrorism affected areas like KPK and FATA. Due to losses to agriculture sector, damage to businesses and tourist resorts thousands of people lost their jobs. The fourth one is the heavy costs of displacement of local population. Due to insurgency and counter military operations, millions of people were displaced from Malakand division and FATA. In the fifth place, due to frequent terrorist attacks implementation of development projects got delayed in KPK & FATA. This delay increased the cost of the projects manifold.28 With the increase in terrorism the benefits of participation in the war fell as in 2007-08, the United States assisted Pakistan with $1.9 billion, whereas the cost of the war was over three times higher at $ 6 billion

The cumulative cost of the war on terror from 2001-2002 to 2010-2011 is $ 67.9 billion.30 Table 3 shows that in 2004-05 the direct cost of war on terror for Pakistan was Rs 67 billion which increased to Rs 78 billion in 2005-06 and to Rs 262 billion in 2009- 10. Similarly, the indirect cost increased from Rs 192 billion in 2004-05 to Rs 707 billion in 2009-2010

Foreign Direct Investment 

      In 2007, Abadie and Gardeazabal examined the impact of terrorism on foreign direct investment (FDI) and concluded that one standard deviation increase in terrorism leads to a decrease in the ratio of net FDI to GDP of between 4.16 and 6.54 percentage points.37 Further, Enders and Sandler studied the impact of terrorism on FDI in Greece and Spain and found a higher adverse impact of terrorism on FDI. They found a negative 13.5 percent impact on FDI in Spain from 1976 to 1991 and a negative 11.9 percentage point impact on FDI in Greece from 1975 to 1991.38 Investors always look for a safe and secure environment to invest their money. The peaceful countries of the world receive high foreign investment as compared to troubled areas. According to Economic Survey of Pakistan, foreign direct investment has emerged as a major source of private external flows for Pakistan

Agriculture 

Agriculture sector is the source of employment for 44.7 percent of labor force in Pakistan, contributes 21.8 percent to GDP and has large impact in balance of payment.41 Agriculture is the main source of revenue for the people in the terrorism affected areas like the FATA and KPK. Only Swat district has arable land of 98,100 hectares and agriculture is the primary source of livelihood for almost 80 percent of the population. From 2007- 2009, in Swat valley the loss to agriculture has been amounted to Rs.35 billion and 55 to 70 percent of the total fruit produced was wasted. This was the result of various hostilities, artillery shelling, blowing of bridges in bomb blasts and imposition of frequent curfews by the army. As a result of the precarious law and order situation of the area the local farmers, landowners and dealers had to face losses of billions of rupees

Defense Expenditures
In 2007-08, when militancy increased and terrorists started getting control of settled districts of Pakistan like Swat district, the Pakistan army conducted military operations against the terrorists to flush them out. For security and civil relief operations up to US $ 4 billion (2.4 percent of average GDP) additional expenditures incurred on the annual budget. More than 3 million people were displaced which resulted in a budgetary outlay of US $ 600 million in fiscal year 2009 alone for relief and rehabilitation process of the internally displaced persons. Cumulatively, the potential GDP loss due to terrorism for the period 2008-09 has been estimated as US $ 11.7 billion. During this period, Pakistan also suffered diversion of development funds to the security budget, capital flight and brain drain

The above discussion shows that Pakistan has suffered a great deal due to the ongoing war on terror and is still paying a heavy price in the form of low economic growth, sacrificing citizens and destruction of infrastructure. War on terror has also shattered the soft image of Pakistan in the international world. The above data show that GDP growth declined, defense expenditures increased manifold, tourism sector suffered, stock exchange experienced low performance and foreign direct investment also decreased significantly. It is important to mention that besides terrorism other related factors like energy supply shortages, global financial crisis of 2008 and heavy floods of 2010 also played significant role in negatively affecting Pakistan economy. Here the question arises is how to minimize the negative effects of war on terror on the social, political and economic sectors of Pakistan. One possible step is to develop a comprehensive strategy as how to fight this war.50 Government may review its strategy because the present strategy is not workable. Inspite of the fact that defense budget, including Police, has increased manifold in the past four years but the acts of terrorism, instead of decreasing, are increasing day by day. The political leadership, military, religious leaders and all other stake holders need to sit together and work out a possible strategy either to resolve the issue through dialogue or by eliminating the terrorists. Pakistan also needs to take the regional countries into confidence in resolving the issue of terrorism.

South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)

South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) was established with the signing of the SAARC Charter in Dhaka on 8 December 1985.

 SAARC comprises of eight Member States: 

Afghanistan,

 Bangladesh

, Bhutan, 

India,

 Maldives,

 Nepal, 

Pakistan 

and 

Sri Lanka. 

The Secretariat of the Association was set up in Kathmandu on 17 January 1987.

The objectives of the Association as outlined in the SAARC Charter are:

1:to promote the welfare of the peoples of South Asia and to improve their quality of life; to accelerate economic growth

2: social progress and cultural development in the region and to provide all individuals the opportunity to live in dignity and to realize their full potentials

3; to promote and strengthen collective self-reliance among the countries of South Asia;

4: to contribute to mutual trust, understanding and appreciation of one another's problems;

5: to promote active collaboration and mutual assistance in the economic, social, cultural, technical and scientific fields;

6: to strengthen cooperation with other developing countries; to strengthen cooperation among themselves in international forums on matters of common interests; 

and

7: to cooperate with international and regional organizations with similar aims and purposes.

Decisions at all levels are to be taken on the basis of unanimity; and bilateral and contentious issues are excluded from the deliberations of the Association.

Areas of cooperation

Human Resource Development and Tourism

Agriculture and Rural Development

Environment, Natural Disasters and Biotechnology

Economic, Trade and Finance

Social Affairs

Information and Poverty Alleviation

Energy, Transport, Science and Technology

Education, Security and Culture

Others

In contemporary era, the interest of external powers is increasing in SAARC. Since 2005 European Union, China, Australia, Iran, South Korea, Japan, USA, Myanmar and Mauritius have been allowed as observer states in the organization. This permit these countries to provide suggestions for the expansion and improvement of SAARC and to illustrate their own interests for potential cooperation in future. The observer states often send high-ranking officials to the organization’s Summit conferences and even Beijing is showing a keen interest in full membership of SAARC

The Cancellation of SAARC Summit and its Impact on Pakistan’s Foreign Policy Pakistan’s isolation on the regional as well as on the international front is deepening with the passage of time. The latest is the cancellation of SAARC Summit that was planned to be arranged in Pakistan in November 2016. With India’s withdrawal from SAARC Summit, Afghanistan, Bangladesh and Bhutan have also officiated their withdrawal. The mechanism of SAARC prescribe that non-participation of one member state will lead to its cancellation

South Asian Free Trade Area

SAARC Visa Exemption Scheme

SAARC Award

The Twelfth Summit approved the SAARC Award to support individuals and organisations within the region. The main aims of the SAARC Award are:
To encourage individuals and organisations based in South Asia to undertake programmes and activities that complement the efforts of SAARC
To encourage individuals and organisations in South Asia contributing to bettering the conditions of women and children
To honour outstanding contributions and achievements of individuals and organisations within the region in the fields of peace, development, poverty alleviation, environmental protection, and regional cooperation
To honour any other contributions and achievement not covered above of individuals and organisations in the region.

The SAARC Award consists of a gold medal, a letter of citation, and cash prize of US$25,000 (₹15 lakhs). Since the institution of the SAARC Award in 2004, it has been awarded only once and the Award was posthumously conferred upon the late President Ziaur Rahman of Bangladesh.

SAARC Literary Award\SAARC Youth AwardAnthem
SAARC Disaster Management Centre
Political issues

Pakistan As the member OF ORGANIZATIONS

Pakistan is the member of the following international organizations,

1. African Union/ United Nation Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID)
2. Asian Development Bank (ADB) in 1966 and since then has become ADB’s largest recipient in both number of loans and volume of assistance received—over 19.8 billion USD in loan to fund development from hydrostatic projects to banking for the poor, with about 14 million $ disbursed as the end of 2008.
3. Association of Southeast Asian Nations Regional Forum (ARF) on July, 2nd 2004.
4. Colombo Plan in 1950. (Colombo Plan is a regional organization that embodies the concept of collective inter-governmental efforts to strengthen the economy & social development of member countries in the Asia-Pacific Region. The primary focus f all Colombo Plan activities is on human resource development )
5. Commonwealth of Nations. Joined in 1947 (left in 1972 & rejoined in 1986)
6. Central Treat Organization (CENTO), original name was Middle East Organization or METO also known as the Baghdad Pact, was adopted in 1955 by Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, Turkey and the United Kingdom. It was dissolved in 1979. US pressure & promises of military and economic aid were in the negotiations leading to the agreement although UN could not initially participate “for purely technical reasons of budgeting procedures” In 1958, the United States joined the military committee of the alliance. It is generally viewed as one of the least successful of the Cold War Alliances.
7. Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) is an inter-governmental regional organization established in 1985 by Iran, Pakistan & Turkey for the purpose of sustainable Socio Economic development of the member states. ECO is the successor organization of Regional Corporation for Development (RCD). In 1964 Pakistan signed the RCD Pact with Turkey & Iran, when all three countries were closely allied with USA—and as neighbors of the Soviet Union, wary of Soviet expansionism. To this day, Pakistan has a close relationship with Turkey. RCD became defunct after the Iranian revolution. In 1985, Pakistan-Turkish initiative led to the founding of the ECO, an organization that also includes Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Iran, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan.
8. Food & Agriculture Organization (FAO) on September 7, 1947.
9. Group of 24 in 1971
10. Group of 77 (1976-1977, 1992-2009)
11. International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) on May 2nd 1957.
12. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) in 1952
13. International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) in 1955.
14. International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) on November 25, 1947.
15. International Criminal Court (ICCt)
16. International Criminal Police Organization (Interpol) in May, 1952.
17. International Development Association (IDA) in 1962.
18.International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRCS)
19. International Finance Corporation (IFA) in 1955.
20. International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) in 1978.
21. International Hydrographic Organization (IHO)
22. International Labour Organization (ILO) in 1947.
23. International Maritime Organization (IMO) in 1958.
24. International Mobile Satellite Organization (IMSO) on February 6,1985.
25. International Monetary Fund (IMF) in July 1950.
26. International Olympic Committee (IOC) in 1948.
27. International Organization for Migration (IOM) in November 1992.
28. International Organization of Standardization (ISO)
29. International Telecom Union (ITU) on 26th August 1947.
30. International Telecommunication Satellite Organization (ITSO)
31. International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC)
32. Inter Parliamentary Union (IPU) in 1948.
33. Islamic Development Bank (IDB) is a multilateral development financing institution located in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. It was founded by the first conference of Finance Ministers of Organization of Islamic Conference (OIC) convened 18 December 1973. The bank officially began its activities on 15 Shawwal 1395 H (20 Oct. 1975). There are 56 shareholding member states. Pakistan joined IDB in
34. Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) in 1991
35. Non aligned Movement (NAM) in 1977.
36. Organization of Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) in 1993.
37. Organization of American States (OAS) Pakistan is an observer. In January 6, 1988.
38. Organization of Islamic Conference (OIC) is an international organization with permanent delegation to UN. It groups 57 member states from the Middle East, Africa, Central Asia, Caucasus, Balkans, Southeast Asia. Pakistan joined in 1969.
39. Partnership for Peace (PFP)
40. Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) is an intergovernmental mutual security organization which was founded in 2001 in Shanghai by the leaders of China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. Except for Uzbekistan, the other countries had been the member of Shanghai Five, founded in 1996; after the inclusion of Uzbekistan, the members renamed the organization. Pakistan joined SCO in 2006 as an observer.
41. South Asia Co-operative Environment Program (SACEP) in 1982.
42. Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) was an international organization for collective defense which was signed on September 8, 1954. The former institution was established at a meeting of treaty partners in Bangkok in February 1955. It was primarily created to block further communist gains in Southeast Asia. The organization’s headquarter was located in Bangkok, Thailand. SEATO was dissolved on June 30, 1977
43. South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is an economic and political organization of eight countries Southern Asia. In terms of population, its sphere of influence is the largest of any regional organization; almost 1.5 billion people, the combined population of its member states. It was established, on December 8, 1985 by Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives, Pakistan, India, and Nepal & Sri Lanka. In April 2007, at the association’s 14th summit, Afghanistan became its eighth member. Pakistan joined SAARC in 1985. The Objectives of this organization are following,
a. To promote the welfare of the people of South Asia and to improve their quality of life.
b. To accelerate the economic growth, social progress and the cultural development in region and to provide all the individuals the opportunity to live in dignity and to realize their full potential.
c. To promote and strengthen the collective self reliance among the countries of South Asia.
d. To contribute the mutual trust, understanding and appreciation of one another problems.
e. To promote active collaboration and mutual assistance in the economic, social, cultural, technical and scientific fields.
f. To strengthen cooperation with other developing countries.
g. To strengthen cooperation among themselves in international forums on matters of common interests, and
h. To cooperate with international and regional organization with similar aims and purposes.
44. United Nations in 1947.
45. United Nation Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)
46.United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) on 14th September 1949.
47. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) in 1976.
48. United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) in 1968.
49. United Nations Integrated Mission in the Sudan (UNIMS)
50. United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia (UNOMIG) on 23rd July 1995
51. United Nations Operation in Cote d’vloire (UNOCI)
52. United Nations Organization Mission in Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUC)
53. Universal Postal Union (UPU) on 10-11-1947.
54. World Confederation of Labour (WCL)
55. World Customs Organization (WCO)
56. World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU)
57. World Health Organization (WHO)
58. World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) in 1977.
59. World Metrological Organization (WMO)
60. World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)
61. World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1995

Definition and Types of Organizations

Definition and Types of Organizations

—An international organization is an organization with an international membership, scope, or presence.

There are three main types:
—International nongovernmental organizations (NGOs): non-governmental organizations (NGOs) that operate internationally. There are two types:
—International non-profit organizations.
—Examples include the World Organization of the Scout Movement, International Committee of the Red Cross
—International corporations, referred to as multinational corporations.


—Examples include The Coca-Cola Company and Toyota

—Intergovernmental organizations, also known as International Governmental Organizations (IGOs): the type of organization most closely associated with the term 'international organization', these are organizations that are made up primarily of sovereign states (referred to as member states).
—Notable examples include the United Nations (UN), Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), Council of Europe (CoE), European Union (EU; which is a prime example of a supranational organization), and World Trade Organization (WTO). The UN has used the term "intergovernmental organization" instead of "international organization" for clarity.

—The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is an organization of South Asian nations, which was established on 8 December 1985. 

—The government of Bangladesh , Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka formally adopted its charter.
—The promotion of economic and social progress, cultural development within the South Asia region and also for friendship and cooperation with other developing countries.
—It is dedicated to economic, technological, social, and cultural development emphasizing collective self-reliance.
—Its seven founding members are Sri Lanka, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Bangladesh.

—ECO's secretariat and cultural department are located in Tehran, its economic bureau is in Turkey and its scientific bureau is situated in Pakistan.
—The organization was founded by Turkey, Iran and Pakistan.
—Economic Cooperation Organization is an inter-governmental regional organization established in 1985 by Iran, Pakistan and Turkey for the purpose of promoting economic, technical and cultural cooperation among the member states.

—ECO currently is engaged in energy crisis resolution and meetings are being held in Tehran.
— And by resolving this problem all the members will facilitated by it specially Pakistan. Because besides the potentiality of the country in many a sectors still they are not operating at an efficient level which is required according to the current need of the scenario.
—Pakistan’s potential in telecommunication, agriculture, food, industry, trade and many other sectors made it significant as it can play its role for the betterment of rest of the member nations by providing them with assistance financially and technically both.

United Nation Organizations (UNO)

—The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization with the stated aims of promoting and facilitating co-operation in International law, International Security, 

Economic Development , Social Progress, Human Rights, Civil Rights, Civil Liberties, Political Freedoms, Democracy, and the achievement of lasting world peace. 

—The UN was founded in 1945 after World War II to replace the League of Nations, to stop wars between countries, and to provide a platform for dialogue.
—It contains multiple subsidiary

organizations to carry out its missions.

 

ROLE OF PAKISTAN

—Pakistan officially joined the United Nations (UN) on 30 September 1947 just over a month after its independence from the British Empire.
—Today, it is a charter member and participates in all of the UN's specialized agencies and organizations.
—Pakistan maintains a permanent mission to the UN, which is currently headed by Ambassador Abdullah Hussain Haroon in New York.
—There is a second mission based at the UNO office in Geneva, Switzerland.
—The Pakistani military has played a key role in the UN's peacekeeping programme in different parts of the world, most prominently in Somalia , Sierra Leone, Bosnia, Congo and Liberia.
—The UN continues to remain a keen observer of the Kashmir conflict between Pakistan and India, centring around the disputed state of Jammu and Kashmir.
—Since the transfer of power to both countries in 1947 of the divided territory, the UN has played an extensive role in regulating and monitoring the dispute

ORGANIZATION OF ISLAMIC COOPERATION

—The Organization of Islamic Cooperation is an international organization consisting of 57 member states. The organization states that it is "the collective voice of the Muslim world" and works to "safeguard and protect the interests of the Muslim world in the spirit of promoting international peace and harmony“.

—The OIC has a permanent delegation to the United Nations, and is the largest international organization outside the United Nations.

— The official languages of the OIC are Arabic, English and French.

—Leaders of Muslim nations met in Rabat to establish the OIC on 25 September 1969.

ROLE OF PAKISTAN

—In line with OIC strong stance against the occupation of Palestine by Israel, Pakistan has continuously adopted a stance against Israel, while maintaining moral solidarity with Palestine

—Military Cooperation

—Pakistan is though to have developed its atomic bomb programme with millions of dollars of contributory aid from (mostly) Saudi Arabia and Libyan oil wealth

—Pakistan has always used OIC as a platform to gather support on the Kahmir conflict against the Republic of India. In 1969 King Hassan of Morocco invited the Government of India for the 1969 Summit in Rabat

—As a goodwill gesture of China's veto power in support of Pakistan at the UN Security Council, for example the Chinese opposition of UNSC resolution at Pakistan's behest demanding a ban on the militant organization Jama'at-ud-Da'wah following the 2008 Mumbai attacks, Pakistan assured China, that the OIC will not pass any resolution condemning China's 'strike hard' campaign against the Uighur Muslim minority. Pakistan therefore act as a contact point for China's engagement with the OIC.