School of thoughts in acting

There are 3 schools of acting

Realism

Symbolism

absurd




REALISM

Realism in theatre began in late 19th century.


Its major goal was to make theatre more useful for society.

Actors were made to depict realistic characters

The plays involved realistic settings which focused on everyday problems

and situations

MAIN FEATURES OF REALISM

1:Realism theatre focuses on real life it depicts every day life and common problems

2:writers of realist plays desire to present the reality of life

3:Realism theatre focuses on human behaviour in tough situations

4:The behaviours of actors depicts the 

real life behaviours of audience in such situations 

5 : The dialogues consists of everyday language in a very direct and plain manner 

6: The sets of the realist plays reflect the culture and society we live in  . They represent the typical work places towns and homes of people 

7: hence , the audience is made to feel that the plays represent them in an accurate manner 

DEFINITION

The theatre of Realism investigated and spoke about real people in everyday situations, dealing with common problems. It was, and is, a theatre that takes an unflinching look at the way things really are in the world. Writers of realist theatre in their works desire to present life as it really happens to people.

SYMBOLISM
A symbol implies a greater meaning than the literal suggestion and is usually used to represent something other than what it is at face value. Symbolism in the theatre can be achieved via characters, colour, movement, costume and props.

FEATURES OF SYMBOLISM

1: dramatic and stylized dialogues imaginitive settings

2: scenes are meant to evoke emotions or alternative concepts in the audience 's mind . rose is rose but it also signifies love 

Symbolism adds depth to a dramatic work. It causes audiences to reflect more thoroughly upon what they have seen. Symbolism is also a powerful force for communicating meaning; certain themes or ideas affect the mind of the audience more profoundly when presented indirectly through a symbol than when presented overtly.

Symbolism is the use of symbols to signify ideas and qualities, by giving them symbolic meanings that are different from their literal sense.

Symbolism can take different forms. Generally, it is an object representing another, to give an entirely different meaning that is much deeper and more significant. Sometimes, however, an action, an event or a word spoken by someone may have a symbolic value. For instance, “smile” is a symbol of friendship. Similarly, the action of someone smiling at you may stand as a symbol of the feeling of affection which that person has for you.

ABSURD

theater of the absurd. n. A form of drama that emphasizes the absurdity of human existence by employing disjointed, repetitious, and meaningless dialogue, purposeless and confusing situations, and plots that lack realistic or logical development.

It focuses on meaningless human existence in a confusing and hostile world

FEATURES OF ABSURD THEATRE 

1: meaning less plot 

2: repetitive and non sensical dialogues to create dream like and nightmarish mood

3:  Focus on anxiety tears and sense of loss 

4: Pessimistic version of humanity which present life as an absurdity

5: characters mostly have weird and outrageous personalities

6: characters are shown to be mysterious and even scary 

7: plot is based on satire and dark humor 

8: There is no definite climax / ending

The three primary characteristics of the Theater of the Absurd are illogical plots, language that uses nonsense and non sequitur, and characters that are existential beings.

With absurd plays, you don't really know what is going on at all times - take Waiting for Godot as your example. The characters there have their absurd dialogues which seemingly make no sense at all, which is the exact point of this type of plays

Read more on Brainly.com - https://brainly.com/question/4490153#readmore

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HYPOTHESIS

Hypothesis definition 

The word hypothesis is a combination of two words hypo+thesis

Hypo mean tentative or subject to verification

and thesis means statement about solution of a problem 

Therefore hypothesis is a tentative statement about the relationship between teo or more variables 

it is a specific testable statement/ prediction 

about what you expect to happen in a study.

Elements of a Good Hypothesis

1:it is based on your research Topic.

2:It can be tested through instrument you design for your study

3: it must include the independent and dependent variables

Hypothesis should begin with complete background research on your topic. After literature review start thinking about possible questions that are still not answered through literature review. In journal articles many authors suggest questions in discussion section that are still need to be explored.

NATURE OF HYPOTHESIS

 1: conceptual elements in the framework are  involved in Hypothesis

2:  its a verbal statement in a declarative form .though hypothesis involved a smart intellectual guess a hunch that is yet to be tested with reliable data but it must be in complete declarative statement

3: it represents the tentative relationship between variables

4: A hypothesis is future oriented .It relates to the future verifications instead if past facts and informations

5: whole research activity is designed for verification of hypothesis

FUNCTIONS OF HYPOTHESIS

1: formulation if hypothesis provide us the study of focus
2: It provides guidence and directions to tge research
3: how to collect data  for research
4: objectivity
5: may enable you to add to the formulation of new theory

Dos and Donts
1: it must be simple unidimensional and conceptually clear
2: Never make a statemet where more than two variables are involved
3: it must be verifyable if technique is not availabale try to avoid such phenomenon but if you create a new technique yoi will be praises
4: hypothesis must be related to existing body of knowledge
5: should be operationalizable.use terms that can be measured.

TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS
RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
NULL HYPOTHESIS

RESEARCH Hypothesis
 A research hypothesis (H1) is the statement created by researchers when they speculate ( guess ) upon the outcome of a research or experiment. With literature review we can assume ideas / phenomenon that we are going to test with our instrument..
Types of Research Hypothesis
1

: Hypothesis Of difference

The research hypothesis states that there is an association or difference
With hypothesis testing, the research hypothesis states that there IS a difference or association between variables of interest. Researchers have conducted a literature review and created a valid and credible research question. Now, they can make an informed and evidence-based research hypothesis that there will be a difference/association/effect.it can yet find at ordinal level


2: Hypothesis of no difference
its opposite to the hypothesis if no difference means when you see relationship between two variables and feel there is no significance differnce between them.
nominal level

3:Hypothesis of point prevelance
when you analyze the level and degree of the difference between two variables
interval scale
4: Association Hypothesis
when you desrcibe the phenomena with complete information your hyothesis can tell the degrees or proportion of some phenomenon like if you made a statement that male smokers are twice as much as compare to female smokers in the study of population. ratio scale .

Scales help us in determine which type we should cjose according to nature of study. whether you need to figure out the differnce level or association.
we determine which scale should be used ..



 Null hypothesis

The simplistic definition of the null is as the opposite of the alternative hypothesis, H1, although the principle is a little more complex than that.

The null hypothesis (H0) is a hypothesis which the researcher tries to disprove, reject or nullify.

The 'null' often refers to the common view of something, while the alternative hypothesis is what the researcher really thinks is the cause of a phenomenon.

The simplistic definition of the null is as the opposite of the alternative hypothesis, H1, although the principle is a little more complex than that.

The null hypothesis (H0) is a hypothesis which the researcher tries to disprove, reject or nullify.

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research methodology

IDENTIFYING VARIABLES

VARIABLES متغیر (غیر مستقل(

نام سے ہی ظاہر ہے متغیر ہر اس تصور خیال یا چیز کو کہتے ہیں جس کو ماپا جا سکے اور وہ مختلف قدریں بھی اپنا سکتا ہو

variable is an image concept or perception that is capable of measurement and capable of taking different values

or 
یا متغیر وہ کچھ بھی ہے جس کی مقدار یا معیار بدلتا ہو اور کسی طرح اسکی اکائیوں کی پیمائش بھی ہو سکتی ہو۔ہر تحقیق کار کی تحقیق کا انحصار متغیر پر ہوتا ہے۔
متغیر اس خصوصیت کو کہتے صفت یا وصف کہتے جو کسی فرد، ادارے ، نظام یاماحول کی ہو جو آپکی تحقیق کی دلچسپی کا مرکز ہو۔یعنی آپ اگر کسی فرد پر تحقیق کر رہے ہیں اسکی تخلیقی صلاحیت پر تحقیق کر رہے ہیں تو آپکیئے اسکے بنائے فن پارے ان فن پاروں کی قدر ان کا معیار یہ سب متغیر کہلائے گا۔

a variable is anything that has quantity or quality that varies and could be measure with any unit of measurement

every research project based upon variables. a variable is a characteristic or attribute of an individual, organisation, group,system or the environment that is of interest in a research study.

variables can be independent and easy to measure with a scale like age gender or course of study

variable can be complex and dependent social economic status as it depends upon the wealth of an individual ,academic achievement or attitude as it depends upon the circumstances a person faced.

here researcher needs to identify the key variables of interest

EXAMPLE 1:

PHENOMENON: CLIMATE CHANGE

if a researcher wants to research on climate change the key variables could be 

1:sea level 

2:temperature

3:amount of carbon emission

4:amount of rainfall 

these variables would be observed by researcher and ultimately the findings could express the phenomenon of climate change

EXAMPLE 2:

PHENOMENON: CRIME AND VIOLENCE IN THE STREET

VARIABLES 

1:number of robberies
2:number of attempted murders
3:number of prisoners
4:number of crime victims
5:number of laws enforcers
6:number of convictions
7:number of car napping incidents

In above two examples the variables vary and are capable of measure or counted through scale ,expected values /data we get from these variables will therefore in terms of numbers ,amount category or type. 

Quantified variables allow statistical analysis. Variable correlations or differences are then determined

THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CONCEPT AND VARIABLE

concepts are basically a mental image or perception and their meanings are different or vary individual to individual.

variables are measurable.so the basic difference between concept and variable is measurement.
تصور بنیادی طور پر زہنی اختراع ہوتا یے اسکے معنی ہر فرد کے نزدیک مختلف یو سکتے ہیں۔جبکہ متغیر کو ناپا جا سکتا ہے 

IDENTIFICATION OF VARIABLES

To start any study a researcher must be clear about the variables of interest of his study.he need to identify the nature of variable so that he can chose possible measuring tool to measure them.a researcher needs to study alot in order to figure out the variables.
a researcher need to identify the variable because

1:key variable provide focus while writing an introduction
جب آپ تحقیقی مقالہ لکھتے ہیں تو اسکا تعارف لکھنے میں متغیر کا تعین مددگار ثابت ہوتا ہے آپ اسی پر توجہ صرف کرکے درست سمت کا تعین کرکے لکھ سکتے ہیں

2:key variables are the keywords to use while searching for related articles and researches for literature review
جب مخصوص متغیروں کا انتخاب کر لیں تو ان سے متعلق مضامین لٹریچر ریویو یعنی مقالوں کے تجزیئے اور مخصوص مضامین تک رسائی آسان ہو جاتی ہے

3:key variables helps in defining a operational definition
عملی تعریف لکھنے میں آسانی رہتی یے

4:key variables help focus to the method section
طریقہ کار کا تعین ممکن ہوتا ہت

5:instrument will measure the key variables whether directly or manipulated for the research study to be valid
آپ جو بھی انسٹرومنٹ بناتے ہیں وہ انہی متغیروں کو ماپتا ہے

in between concept and variable is somehow consider as indicator

INDICATORS: a set of criteria reflecting of the concepts which is further converted into variables.

there must be a logical connection between concept and indicators

concepts can be study indirectly by measuring variables.

SHORT DEFINITIONS FOR VARIABLES CONCEPTS ETC

TYPES OF VARIABLES

1:VIEWPOINT OF CAUSATION/CASUAL MODEL/CAUSE EFFECT MODEL /IF THEN MODEL 

2: VIEWPOINT OF STUDY DESIGN

3:THE UNIT OF MEASUREMENT

VIEWPOINT OF CAUSATION/CASUAL MODEL/CAUSE EFFECT MODEL /IF THEN MODEL 

if in a study we need to investigate the casual relationship or association present between variables four sets of variables may operate 
اگر کسی تحقیق میں ہمیں متغیروں کے آپس میں تعلق یا ربط کے بارے میں جانچنا ہو تو چار طریق ہوسکتے

Dependent VariableThe variable that depends on other factors that are measured. These variables are expected to change as a result of an experimental manipulation of the independent variable or variables. It is the presumed effect.
وہ متغیر جو دوسرے عناصر و عوامل کے زیر اثر آکر بدل سکتا  ہے تابع متغیر کہلاتا ہے۔ یہ متغیر تبدیل ہوسکتے ہیں دوران تحقیق کسی بھی تجرباتی اثر کو قبول کرکے ۔ اسکا گمان کا اثر کہتے۔ فرضی بھی کہا جاسکتا
Independent VariableThe variable that is stable and unaffected by the other variables you are trying to measure. It refers to the condition of an experiment that is systematically manipulated by the investigator. It is the presumed cause.
خودمختاد متغیر وہ ہوتا جو ہر حالات میں اٹل رہتا بدلتا نہیں اور دوسرے متغیروں کا اثر بھی قبول نہیں کرتا یہ ان شرائط کی نمائندگی کرتا جو کہ مخصوص طریق سے تحقیق کار کے ہاتھوں ہی کسی تجرباتی جوڑ توڑ کا شکار ہو سکتا ہے۔ اسکو گمان کی وجہ کہتے۔

If we find a variable that we did not include or hold constant to have an impact on our outcome, the study is said to be confounded. Variables that can confound our results, called confounding variables, are categorized into two groups: extraneous and intervening.
اگر ہم کسی متغیر کو تحقیق میں شامل نہ کریں یا مستقل چھوڑ دیں تاکہ وہ آخر میں ہمارے نتائج پر اثر ڈالے تو اس تحقیق کو الجھا ہوا قرار دیا جائے گا۔ وہ متغیر جو ہمارے نتائج الجھا سکتے ہیں الجھے متغیر کہلاتے ہیں۔ یہ دو طرح کے ہوتے ییں۔
Extraneous Variables
. Extraneous variables can be defined as any variable other than the independent variable that could cause a change in the dependent variable. 
بیرونی متغیر وہ کوئی بھی متغیر ہو سکتا جو 
کسی خودمختار متغیر کے علاوہ کسی دوسرے متغیر کے طور پر بیان کیا جا سکتا یے جو کسی تابع متغیر میں تبدیلی کا سبب بن سکتا ہے
 In our study we might realize that age could play a role in our outcome, as could family history, education of parents or partner, interest in the class topic, or even time of day, preference for the instructor’s teaching style or personality. The list, unfortunately, could be quite long and must be dealt with in order to increase the probability of reaching valid and reliable results.
Intervening Variables

. Intervening variables, like extraneous variables, can alter the results of our research. These variables, however, are much more difficult to control for. I

ntervening variables include motivation, tiredness, boredom, and any other factor that arises during the course of research. For example, if one group becomes bored with their role in the research more so than the other group, the results may have less to do with our independent variable, and more to do with the boredom of our subjects.
reference :

definition of extraneous and intervening variables

VIEWPOINT OF STUDY DESIGN

ATTRIBUTE AND ACTIVE VARIABLES

CHAPTER FIVE OF RANJIT KUMAR S BOOK

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research methodology

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research methodology is basically a process to find out the answers of a problem on specific issue or problem that we consider as a research problem .so in research methodology researchers use different methods or criteria for solving a research problem .
therefore research methodology is a specific procedure or technique that is used by social scientists or researchers for solving research problems.
 There is a certain process to be followed to get the accurate results.
تحقیقی طریقے بنیادی طور پر کسی مخصوص سوال مسلئے کا جواب یا حل نکالنے کے مخصوص طریقوں سے مراد لیئے جاتے ہیں۔ تحقیق کار مختلف قواعد و طریق کار اپناتے ہیں کسی بھی تحقیقی مسلئے کو حل کرنے کیلئے۔ 
یعنی تحقیقی طریق اس مخصوص طریقہ کار یاتکنیک کو کہتے ہیں جو سماجی مسائل کےسائنسدان یا تحقیق کارتحقیقی مسائل کے حل کیلئے اپناتے ہیں۔
METHODOLOGY  
SURVEY RESEARCH 
While writing a research paper we need to follow a specific method to achieve our basic goals or objective of research. survey research helps you if you are clear about 
what is your aim of conducting the survey?
what is your plan ?how you are going to utilize the collected survey data
step by step procedure
1:POPULATION
2:SAMPLE
3:SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
(PROBABILITY OR NON PROBABILITY)
4:SAMPLE SIZE
5:INSTRUMENT DESIGN
6:PILOT TESTING
TO CHECK 
RELIABILITY /VALIDITY
7:DATA COLLECTION 
8:DATA ANALYSIS 

POPULATION


All research questions address issues that are of great relevance to important groups of individuals known as a research population.
پاپولیشن کا لفظی مطلب عوام بنتا ہے مگر یہاں عوام سے مراد وہ بڑی تعداد ہے لوگوں کی چیزوں کی یا جو مرضی آپکی تحقیق کا مرکز ہے۔اپنے موضوع کے مطابق آپ سب سے پہلے اس بات کا تعین  کرتے ہیں کہ آپکی تحقیق کا بنیادی مرکز آخر کون ہے۔اسکو پاپولیشن کا نام دیا جاتا یے۔ پاپولیشن بہت بڑی تعداد میں ہو سکتی ہے جس کو کم وسائل یا بعض دفعہ وقت کی کمی کے باعث مکمل طور پر احاطہ تحقیق میں نہیں لیا جا سکتا ان سے معلومات اکٹھی کرنا مشکل ہوجاتا یےتو اس مشکل کے حل کیلئے تحقیق کار اس میں سے نمونہ Sample 
منتخب کر لیتے ہیں

Population are large amount of individuals or objects  that is main focus of your study. According to topic researchers first identify 
the people group or object about which he want to research.
population can be of huge size so due to limitation of resources sometime its totally impossible to gather information either it is to expensive or time consuming so to keep it simple and easy researchers try to take a sample of the population. 

A research population is a well defined collection of individuals or objects known to have similar characteristics.so we can say that all individuals or objects within a certain population usually have a common binding characteristics. 


The population is the entire group that you want to draw conclusions about.The sample is the specific group of individuals that you will collect data from.

RELATION BETWEEN SAMPLE AND POPULATION
نمونہ منتخب کرنے کا خیال یوں آیا کہ تحقیق کاروں کے لیئے فردا فردا ہر شخص کے پاس جا کر مطلوبہ معلومات اکٹھی کرنا مشکل ہوتا ہےتو پھر یہاں اسکا حل انہوں نے یہ نکالا کہ پوری عوام میں سے کچھ نمونے منتخب کیئے (کافی مزاحیہ جملہ بن گیا ہے مگر کیا کریں لفظی ترجمہ یہی بنتا) 
جو اتنی کثیر تعداد میں ہوتے ہیں کہ ان کا شماریاتی تجزیہ ممکن ہو سکے پھر اس تجزیے کے بعد جو نتائج آتے انکو پوری عوام پر لاگو کیا جاتا ہے یعنی پاپولیشن سے سیمپل لیا جاتا اور اسکا تجزیہ کر کےاسے واپس پاپولیشن کی بہبود پر استعمال کیا جاتا ہے
a sample is basically a representative subset of a population. The concept of sample arises because researchers are unable to gather the information from all individuals of a population.instead of getting information from every individual one by one we take sample which should be the  representative of population and in a good size for statistical analysis.so basic purpose of taking sample 

 is to allow a researcher conduct a study over representative subset 

collect data analyse it and then the findings could be applied to whole population in order to serve them 

THE POPULATION GIVES THE SAMPLE WHICH IS UTILIZE BY THE RESEARCHER HE STUDIES OVER THE SAMPLE AND THEN THE FINDINGS ARE UTILIZE BY THE POPULATION.

3:INSTRUMENT DESIG
وہ کوئی بھی طریقہ جو ان تمام ویری ایبلز کی وہ تماچیزوں کو جن میں آپکی تحقیق کے لیئے آپکو درکار ہیں یا آپکو ان میں دلچسپی ہے جاننےکیلئے اور تفصیلات کے مواد کے حصول کیلئے آپ اختیار کریں۔

The method tool means or any type of attempt to measure variables items of interests in data collection process is instrumentation. 
نمونے کا انتخاب، تعمیر اور تشخیص کیلئےجو بھی طریقہ اختیار کیا گیا اس سب کو کیسے منتظم کیا یہ سب انسٹروممٹ ڈیزائن کا حصہ ہے
its all about  selection ,construction and assessment of sample also the conditions under which the designated instruments are administered.

The instrument is used by the investigators for collecting data.

it can happen that during a process of data collection the researcher might fail to recognize the changes in the calibration of measuring instrument that can lead to biased results.
ایسا بھی ہو سکتا ہے کہ تحقیقی کار اپنے خود ہی تیار کردہ آلے جس سے وہ ان تمام ویری ایبلز کو ماپنا چاہتا ہے اس کی صلاحیت کی تبدیلی جانچ نہ سکے اور اسے ایسے نتائج ملیں جو کہ قطعی طور پر متعصب ہوں
sometimes instrumentation is also used as specific term to refer a threat to internal validity of research .


Research instruments are tools developed by researchers to achieved their stated objectives when carrying out a research study. In other words, research instruments are designed tools that aid the collection of data for the purpose of analysis.

There are several type of research instruments, these include;
Questionnaire which include structured and unstructured,
Interview which can be structured and unstructured as well but has to be person- to person or through telephone.
Achievement test.This is a form of instrument that are mainly used in school the determine the performance of students. Others include ; Rating scale, Checklist

first researcher needs to identify the variables which are the target or focus of researcher 's study.now the instrument should be designed in a way that it collects desired data to anaylize

in order to check either the instrument designed by the researcher is going to give all the required information in a desired pattern researcher need pilot testing.

PILOT TESTING
اب کسی بھی تحقیقی آلے کو آپ سیدھا سیدھا پوری نئی تحقیق پر لاگو کر دیں اور پتہ چلے کہ بھئ طریقہ کار جو آپ نے بنایا وہ درست تھا ہی نہیں اس سے نہ صرف آپکی تحقیق پر اعتماد جاتا رہے گا بلکہ اسکی درستگی پر بھی سوالیہ نشان ہوگا۔پیسےوقت اور وسائل کا ذیاں الگ ہوگا  ایسی مشکل سے بچنے کیلئے پائلٹ ٹیسٹنگ یعنی ابتدائی آزمائش کی جاتی یے۔اس سے فائدہ یہ بھی ہوتا کہ اندازہ ہو جاتا کہ آخر خرچ کتنا آئے گا طریقہ کار سے حسب منشا نتائج مل بھی رہے ہیں کہ نہیں اور اس طریقہ کار کو استعمال کرنے کا درست زاویہ کونسا ہے

before conducting a full fledge research researchers in order to check whether the instrument is giving reliable and valid findings or not the test the instrument on small scale.

it helps in determining the feasibility of an approach which is intended to be used in large scale study.

pilot studies are conducted to evaluate the feasibility of the full scale study.

process  resources and management of the  instrument design can be tested in pilot testing

DATA COLLECTION AND DATA ANALYSIS 

after collecting we analyse the data and try to get the answers we raised in our study 

while selecting and writing the methodology you need to keep in your mind the whole process
The type of research you did
How you collected and/or selected your data
How you analyzed your data
Any tools or materials you used in the research
Your rationale for choosing these methods

research methodology

RESEARCH PROCESS INTRODUCTION

Research and social Research
research is the process through which we identify the problems their root cause and suggest solutions for it. in social research we carefully study a particular matter ,issue, concern or a problem  that is totally related to the people and societies so that we can design products and services that cater the need of the people.
so basically social research is an important source of knowledge about known problems of a society and discovers unknown facts about them so we can say that social research provides updated proved authentic and useful information to the researchers and this knowledge is then used to serve the human beings.
Research is thus an original contribution to the existing body of knowledge making for its advancement.
so therefore we got two basic results of any research confirmation of and already existing theory or we provide a new theory to the world.

this is the main process we need to follow in order to do a good research on any topic

RESEARCH AS PROCESS 
1:INTRODUCTION
2: LITERATURE REVIEW 
3:THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 
4:METHODOLOGY
5:RESULTS/ FINDINGS
6:DISCUSSION /IMPLICATION OF THE STUDY /CONCLUSION/REFERENCE/BIBLIOGRAPHY

INTRODUCTION
Introduction plays a vital role in writing a research paper. Its basically about what is your research objective,reason why you chose the topic a brief introduction and information ,definitions are  mention in introduction for the understanding of the reader.
every research paper needs the following basic elements present in the introduction
1:introduction of your topic/statement of problem 
2:research objectives 
3:research questions 
4:significance of the study

there is no certain rule to be followed how to start an introduction following no logical order at all you just need to share the key ideas of your research.
Statement of problem
whats your topic why you chose such topic reason introduction about your topic .give some relevant background and create a context then tell your readers about the research you are planning to carryout.a brief history of the research into the topic.state the topic then start with general information then going from general to specific dont give too much details but explain your view on the topic.
key points
1:give general information on topic
2:be engaging and precise
3:reflect the significance of raised issue 

Research objectives
 share the significance of the study your goals objectives you have in your mind about the research.
be specific and clear dont brag about your research 
each phrase in research objective should have an element of completeness 
identify the main variables of the study 
identify the main direction of relationship between variable
use bullet form to state goals of the study 
use research terminologies like 
1:to investigate 
2: to examine 
3:to measure 
4:to analyze 

Research Questions
there are basically 3 types of research questions 
1:descriptive 
2:comparative
3:casual
depending upon the research objective we need to pick the right type of questions that can give the desired results. for example if our research objective is to investigate an issue or we are examining a particular phenomenon we need to be specific about a particular matter and ask a question that describe our objective of asking a particular question dont ask too much or irrelevant information focus on the basic purpose of your research either its exploratory ,descriptive or explainatory
Significance of the study
what would be possible contribution of your study on society ? that is something that is going to define the future of your research 
so be specific and clear about stating  the significance of the study.
Dont brag about your research paper be humble say it like it will be a small contribution to existing body of knowledge etc
basically significance is interlinked to the implications of your study research .
your significance of the study must answers the following basic questions 
1:Logical reasoning of conducting the research
2:mention the beneficiaries of your study 
(how people ,organization or society will be served through this research )
3:either it is going to create room for a new research or not.
its going to fill the research gap or not 
4:it is going to contribute the existing body of knowledge or not
5:it is creating a new dimension for research on a phenomenon or giving a new theory or not


LITERATURE REVIEW
Without stepping on the first step of ladder you cant climb the ladder so literature review is also very important for researchers in order to get the dimension on which way using what type of method you need to follow in order to do a good research on a particular matter issue problem of research.
literature review can be the best tool to provide answers to such basics like how and where to start your research 
Functions of Literature review
1: it gives the theoretical background to the study
2: it provide the information about what type of researches have already been conducted and what type of research should be conducted in order to get desired results
3:it provide the knowledge how your findings can contribute to the existing body of knowledge 
4:helps in identifying any research gap

literature review helps in four ways

1:By reviewing literature you understand conceptualize your subject area better, like you get to know  what aspects of your subject areas are already been discovered and examined by others.what they found and what are the gaps identified by them and obviously you can get help from their suggestions they gave for future researches.

2:what type of methodologies were used by the researchers  are they same you are proposing in your research or not?secondly the methods used by the researcher were of any help or not any flaws in methodology can help you not repeating the same mistakes

3:Broadening your knowledge base in your research area. It helps you give full command over your research subject.it helps you identifying the significance of your research study

4:helps you in contextualizing the findings of your research.
FOUR STEPS INVOLVED IN LITERATURE REVIEW

1:SEARCH OF EXISTING LITERATURE IN THE RELATED SUBJECT OF YOUR STUDY
2:CITATION OF LITERATURE
3:THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
4:CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

1:SEARCH OF EXISTING LITERATURE IN THE RELATED SUBJECT OF YOUR STUDY
 search for books related to your are of study.subject catalogs,keywords etc ,cite journals search the internet to get the best study materials which findings must be certified accurate and updated and integreted with other research to form a coherent body of knowledge.
2:citation of literature
there is no harm in gaining knowledge.when you start reading the article journals etc try to get the main idea themes and issues mentioned in the literature related to your study.if you already have theoretical framework in your mind then its good if now try to get the every idea theme and issue and write it down on a paper so that you can get the more dimensions of your study
you need to do the followed
1:identify the relevance of study
2: try to analyze the theories methodologies used in that study its significance,importance drawbacks and criticism of them
3:identify the knowledge gap
4:notice the differences of opinions among researchers and make your own opinion by thoroughly comparing them to find a logical reasoning

Theoretical Framework
a theoretical framework consists of concepts and existing theories that are going to help you guiding how to collect data and anaylize it.With theoretical framework you identifies the boundaries form where and how much you need to know.
It help in exploratory studies where you are going to research about any phenomenon .you dont know much and trying to learn.
so the information you obtained by reviewing literature you need to gather them and create a framework consisting of theories ,information that you can organize also according to your need 
it has three benefits
1:it gives you guidence how to study conceptualize your study
2:it gives you the roadmap to follow
3:if provides boundaries from where to where level you need to study
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
In case you dont find any preexisting phenomenon or study literature relevant to your study. Its the researcher"s understanding of literature on how to explain a phenomenon.here researchers add their own guidelines for study.

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