MassCom Digest: Notes, Theories & Media Trends

For inquiry /suggestion plz comment below visit our political blog  https://raiyaykidahi.blogspot.com Content analysis is a research tool used to determine the presence of certain words, themes, or concepts within some given qualitative data (i.e. text). Using content analysis, researchers can quantify and analyze the presence, meanings and relationships of such certain words, themes, or concepts. Content analysis is a research technique used to make replicable and valid inferences by interpreting and coding textual material. By systematically evaluating texts (e.g., documents, oral communication, and graphics), qualitative data can be converted into quantitative data. Three different definition of content analysis are provided below. Definition 1: “Any technique for making inferences by systematically and objectively identifying special characteristics of messages.” (from Holsti, 1968) Definition 2: “An interpretive and naturalistic approach. It is both observational and narrativ...

Inductive reasoning  is a logical process in which multiple premises, all believed true or found true most of the time, are combined to obtain a specific conclusion.  Inductive reasoning  is often used in applications that involve prediction, forecasting, or behavior. https://study.com/academy/lesson/deductive-reasoning-examples-definition-quiz.html Deductive  Approach ( Deductive  Reasoning) A  deductive  approach is concerned with “developing a hypothesis (or hypotheses) based on existing  theory , and then designing a research strategy to test the hypothesis”[1] It has been stated that “ deductive  means reasoning from the particular to the general. https://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/inductive-reasoning The main difference between inductive and deductive approaches to research is that whilst a deductive approach is aimed and testing theory, an inductive approach is concerned with the generation of new theory emerging ...

SURVEY  to ask (many people) a question or a series of questions in order to gather information about what most people do or think about something.  A survey is used to know or get the opinions of a large group of people about a particular topic or issue. 5. STEPS IN CONDUCTING A SURVEY • ask a number of questions, all related to the issue, to find answers. • select a sample • administer the questions to each samples • analyze the responses of the samples • draw conclusions about the opinions of the sample • generalize to the population from which the sample was selected. 6. CHARACTERISTICS OF A SURVEY 1. Information is collected from a group of people 2. The main way in which the information is collected is through asking questions 3. Information is collected from a sample rather than from every member of the population. 11. STEPS IN CONDUCTIN G A SURVEY Steps in Conducting the Survey Method 12. 1. DEFINING THE PROBLEM What exactly do you want to know? We have to clearly define ...

In statistics and research, internal   consistency   is typically a   measure   based on the correlations between different items on the same test (or the same sub scale on a larger test). It measures whether several items that propose to   measure   the same general construct produce similar scores. Reliability refers to the  consistency  of a  measure . A  test  is considered reliable if we get the same result repeatedly. For example, if a  test  is designed to  measure  a trait (such as introversion), then each time the  test  is administered to a subject, the results should be approximately the same. Reliability  refers to the consistency of a  measure . Psychologists consider three types of consistency: over time (test-retest  reliability ), across items (internal consistency), and across different researchers (inter-rater  reliability ). Reliability  and...

A conceptual definition tells you what the concept means, what your constructs are by explaining how they are related to other constructs, while an operational definition only tells you how to measure it. A conceptual definition tells you what the concept means, while operational definitions only tell you how to measure it. If you have only an operational definition, you may know how to measure it, but you won't know what you are measuring. This means that your measurements won't be worth much, considering that you don't know what the concept is, so you don't know what you measured. A concept defined only operationally may make a nice little ceremony as you carry out the steps described by the operational definition, but it doesn't mean anything and it is not related to other concepts. In your conceptual definitions you explain what your constructs are by showing how they relate to other constructs. This explanation and all of the constructs it refers to are abstr...

There are 3 schools of acting Realism Symbolism absurd REALISM Realism in theatre began in late 19th century. Its major goal was to make theatre more useful for society. Actors were made to depict realistic characters The plays involved realistic settings which focused on everyday problems and situations MAIN FEATURES OF REALISM 1:Realism theatre focuses on real life it depicts every day life and common problems 2:writers of realist plays desire to present the reality of life 3:Realism theatre focuses on human behaviour in tough situations 4:The behaviours of actors depicts the  real life behaviours of audience in such situations  5 : The dialogues consists of everyday language in a very direct and plain manner  6: The sets of the realist plays reflect the culture and society we live in  . They represent the typical work places towns and homes of people  7: hence , the audience is made to feel that the plays represent them in an accu...

Hypothesis definition  The word hypothesis is a combination of two words hypo+thesis Hypo mean tentative or subject to verification and thesis means statement about solution of a problem  Therefore hypothesis is a tentative statement about the relationship between teo or more variables  it is a specific testable statement/ prediction  about what you expect to happen in a study. Elements of a Good Hypothesis 1:it is based on your research Topic. 2:It can be tested through instrument you design for your study 3: it must include the independent and dependent variables Hypothesis should begin with complete background research on your topic. After literature review start thinking about possible questions that are still not answered through literature review. In journal articles many authors suggest questions in discussion section that are still need to be explored. NATURE OF HYPOTHESIS  1: conceptual elements in the framework a...