Sociology of Development and Different Approaches to Development

Much discussion has revolved around the definition and precise meaning of development. Till now, scholars have not offered a definition acceptable to others. Further more, development has been viewed differently by each of the social sciences disciplines

Psychology

  It concentrates on personality variables as self reliance and achievement motivation.
Sociology & Social Anthropology

  It views as the process of differentiation that characterizes the modern societies.
Economics

  It sees development as the planned expansion of a nation’s economy.
Political Science

  It focuses primarily on how government develops a capacity to innovate change to respond to the demands of the populace and to adapt to conflict situation.

The concept of development has been shifting from an economic emphasis towards being more humanitarian. Some examples of recent development definitions include.

  Development is change toward pattern of society that allow better realization of human values, that allow a society greater control over its environment and over its political destiny and that enables its individual to gain increased control over themselves.

  Development ultimately is not a matter of technology or Gross National Product, but the attainment of new knowledge and skills, the growth of a new consciousness, the expansion of human mind, the uplifting of the human spirit, the infusion of human confidence.

Development is a widely participatory process of social m=change in a society, intended to bring about both social and material advancement ( including greater equality, freedom and other valued qualities ) for the majority of the people through their gaining greater control over their environment.

More parochial terms are often used to describe development in third world countries. Among these Modernization, Westernization, Europeanization and even Christianization.

  Hence the definition and meaning of development remains incomplete or biased for the development appears to be culture bound and discipline biased.

  Under the old development paradigm development goals stressed economic growth through industrialization as key to success. But in late 1960’s and 1970’s the emphasis began to sh

Development as Goal:

ØEquality of the distribution of socio economics benefits, information, resources, wealth etc.

ØPopular participation in self development planning and execution.

ØSelf reliance and independence in development.

ØIntegration of traditions with modern system.

  Although different nations have different goals, a general statement of goals that might apply in many current national settings include

1. Economic Development.
2. Equitable Distribution.
3. National Cohesiveness.
4. Human Development.

Due to board areas of these goals, each country might place a different

pattern of emphasis depending on their needs. Also they might follow different development paths and strategies to achieve the desired goals.

Different Approaches to Development
1.Basic needs approach.
2.Human security approach.
3.Participatory approach.
4.Equality approach.
5.Global development approach.
6.Community development approach.
7.Wealth distribution approach.
8.Economic development approach.

1:Basic needs approach.

1.To provide proper food and nutrition, housing and shelter.

2.Try to reduce intensity of the poverty.

3.To provide necessary essentials of life as education, health, job opportunities ad future security etc.

2:Human Security Approach:
The concept of human security approach is that in spite of all the tremendous resources, the security of everything should be provided. Unless and until the people are given full assurance that they are economically, socially, and religiously secure, the development of any individual, society and country is not possible. A best example of this is that of the foreign investment. The first demand of investor is security, the security of their lives and property.



3.Participatory approach.
The roots of this approach can be found in the early 70’s when the people in the developing countries began to question about the top down approach . The idea is that every class should participate. 

•Participation in decision making
People are motivated and conceptualized actively in participation of different development projects as a community. They are given full participation in the decision making process of the project. 

•Participation in Implementation.
People are motivated and mobilized to implement different projects and planning. The people are assigned different responsibilities as it makes them feel that the project is their own. 

•Participation in evaluation
During the planning and launching of the project, people are invited to evaluate the results and function of the project. 

•Participation in Benefits.
People enjoy the fruits of the development of the respective projects 

4.Equality approach. 
The focal points of this approach is the equality of everything.
• Equality of Rights.
• Equality of Opportunity.
• Equality of Merit.

5:Global Development Approach
This approach focuses on the external relationship of third world countries in the world economic system. Many economies of the various countries of third world have been adjusted and tied in the world economic system by colonialism.

6:Community Development Approach
This approach focuses on the development of a particular group of people living in a particular area. The supporters of this approach believe in collective efforts rather than the individual efforts. This is a more particular approach, which makes people think and utilize their potentials. For this kind of development you have to identify the community, conduct research and situation analysis, identify the problem and select the appropriate channel.



7.Wealth distribution approach. This refers to the social and economic development that generally depends on the economic growth. This approach emphasizes the equal distribution of the material wealth.

8:Economic Development Approach

This approach includes all type of development models and strategies which focus on economic growth including savings, investment, export and productivity as a means of economics growth in order to achieve development goals.

The main characteristics of this approach are to increase national production, increase in per capita income, favorable balance of payments, national savings, industrialization and urbanization, efficient technology and better infrastructure and means of communication.

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